Day-Ahead Scheduling Considering Demand Response as a Frequency Control Resource

Abstract

Abstract:The development of advanced metering technologies makes demand response (DR) able to provide fast response services, e.g., primary frequency control. It is recognized that DR can contribute to the primary frequency control like thermal generators. This paper proposes a day-ahead scheduling method that considers DR as a frequency control resource, so that the DR resources can be dispatched properly with other resources. In the proposed method, the objective of frequency control is realized by defining a frequency limit equation under a supposed contingency. The frequency response model is used to model the dynamics of system frequency. The nonlinear frequency limit equation is transformed to a linear arithmetic equation by piecewise linearization, so that the problem can be solved by mixed integer linear programming (MILP). Finally, the proposed method is verified on numerical examples.

An Optimal Dispatch Model of Wind-Integrated Power System Considering Demand Response and Reliability

“…ε L t is normally distributed with zero mean and a standard deviation. The standard deviation of the load forecast error δ L t can be written as Sustainability 2017, 9,758 3 of 20…”

“…Sustainability 2017, 9,758 17 of 22 16. The spinning reserve in this paper is defined as the difference between the overall capacity of operating units and the loads.…”

“…Therefore, when the VOLL value is high, more spinning reserve is expected to ensure that the EENS value will keep at a low level. Sustainability 2017, 9,758 18 of 22…”

“…Furthermore, with the increasing wind capacity integrated into the power grid, it is hardly realistic to coordinate the conventional units for dispatch invariably. Demand response (DR), as an effective means for load scheduling, plays an important role in the electricity market [9][10][11]. Therefore, a novel method on the unit commitment should be developed considering DR and reliability measures due to the errors of prediction on the load and wind power, as well as generation outages.…”

Frequency Response Analysis of a Single-Area Power System with a Modified LFC Model Considering Demand Response and Virtual Inertia

“…In the modern smart grid era, DR offers multifarious services. It can be used to financially incentivize the utility companies and the customers [3][4][5][6][7][8][9], neutralize the impacts of intermittency of RES [10][11][12][13], provide ancillary services and mitigate the voltage and frequency fluctuations [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], and has several other diverse purposes such as transmission expansion planning [22] and improved transformer utilization [23].…”