DBP formation during chloramination

Diehl, Alicia C.; Speitel, Gerald E.; Symons, James M.; Krasner, Stuart W.; Hwang, Cordelia J.; Barrett, Sylvia E.

doi:10.1002/j.1551-8833.2000.tb08961.x

Cited by 151 publications

(109 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Moreover, DOC influences mobility and, thus, fate of metals (Hiraide, 1992) and organic contaminants (Maxin and Kögel-Knabner, 1995), and negatively affects the use of waters as drinking water through the formation of toxic disinfection by-products (Diehl et al, 2000). For many peatlands, DOC also represents a significant contribution to overall carbon fluxes (Limpens et al, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DOC-dynamics in a small headwater catchment as driven by redox fluctuations and hydrological flow paths – are DOC exports mediated by iron reduction/oxidation cycles?

2013

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Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) exports from many catchments in Europe and North-America are steadily increasing. Several studies have sought to explain this observation. As possible causes, a decrease in acid rain or sulfate deposition, concomitant reductions in ionic strength and increasing temperatures were identified. DOC often originates from riparian wetlands; but here, despite higher DOC concentrations, ionic strength in pore waters usually exceeds that in surface waters. In the catchment under study, DOC concentrations were synchronous with dissolved iron concentrations in pore and stream water. This study aims at testing the hypothesis that DOC exports are mediated by iron reduction/oxidation cycles. Following the observed hydrographs, δ<sup>18</sup>O of water and DOC fluorescence, the wetlands were identified as the main source of DOC. Antecedent biogeochemical conditions, i.e., water table levels in the wetlands, influenced the discharge patterns of nitrate, iron and DOC during an event. The correlation of DOC with pH was positive in pore waters, but negative in surface waters; it was negative for DOC with sulfate in pore waters, but only weak in surface waters. Though, the positive correlation of DOC with iron was universal for pore and surface water. The decline of DOC and iron concentrations in transition from anoxic wetland pore water to oxic stream water suggests a flocculation of DOC with oxidising iron, leading to a drop in pH in the stream during high DOC fluxes. The pore water did not per se differ in pH. There is, thus, a need to consider processes more thoroughly of DOC mobilisation in wetlands when interpreting DOC exports from catchments. The coupling of DOC with iron fluxes suggested that increased DOC exports could at least, in part, be caused by increasing activities in iron reduction, possibly due to increases in temperature, increasing wetness of riparian wetlands, or by a shift from sulfate dominated to iron reduction dominated biogeochemical regimes

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

DOC-dynamics in a small headwater catchment as driven by redox fluctuations and hydrological flow paths – are DOC exports mediated by iron reduction/oxidation cycles?

2013

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“…On the other hand, an increase in pH also enhances the degradation of these DBPs [20,22]. Diehl et al [21] reported similar results, showing a decrease on different DBP formation with an increase in the pH from 6 to 10, and Yang et al [22] found a marked difference in DBP formation in Suwannee river water, as judged by the range in pH from 4 to 9; the maximum yields of DBPs occurred at pH 5-6. For all these reasons, a pH control would contribute to a significant reduction of DBPs formation [23].…”

Section: Environmental Health Risk V 335mentioning

confidence: 84%

“…With the increasing of Cl 2 /NH 4 -N ratios, chlorine or chloramines previously formed would hydrolyze to form hypochlorous acid (HOCl), which would clearly increase DBP formation. Inversely, Diehl et al [21] reported a decrease in DBP formation during a chloramination experiment when the chlorine-toammonia nitrogen ratio increased. …”

Section: Effect Of Different Parameters On Toxicity Formationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toxicity assessment of chlorinated secondary effluents by theVibrio fischeribioluminescence assay

Bayo

Angosto

Gómez-López

et al. 2009

Environmental Health Risk V

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The objective of this manuscript was to assess the toxicity formation on biological treated wastewater from a municipal wastewater treatment plant, after a chlorination-dechlorination disinfection process. Water was monitored by means of physicochemical and ecotoxicological parameters, with the use of Vibrio fischeri bioassay. Since a dechlorination process removed residual chlorine, the positive correlation between toxicity values and chlorine concentrations suggested the formation of toxic disinfection by-products (DBPs). Statistically significant differences could be observed for toxicity values according to total carbon, total inorganic carbon, total nitrogen, chlorine, and pH. However, total organic carbon, chemical oxygen demand, electrical conductivity and turbidity had no statistical significance on toxicity formation. Three second-order polynomial equations were fitted between with total carbon and total nitrogen concentrations as independent variables, and EC50 as a dependent one.

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“…Ozonation apparently enhanced the formation of brominated THMs and HAAs. It is generally agreed that DXAA and the brominated HAAs create greater public health concerns (Bull and Angelo, 1995;Diehl et al, 2000). THMs speciation gradually shifts from chlorinated species to mixed bromochloro species with increasing ozone concentration, while only a slight increase of CHBr 3 was detected.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Formation potentials of typical disinfection byproducts and changes of genotoxicity for chlorinated tertiary effluent pretreated by ozone

Cao

Miao

et al. 2009

Journal of Environmental Sciences

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The effects of ozonation on the formation potential of typical disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and the changes of genotoxicity during post chlorination of tertiary effluent from a sewage treatment plant were investigated. Ozonation enhanced the yields of all detected chlorine DBPs except CHCl 3 . At a chlorine dose of 5 mg/L, the three brominated THMs and five HAAs increased, while chloroform decreased with the increase of ozone dose from 0 to 10 mg/L (ozone dose in consumption base). At a chlorine dose of 10 mg/L, the two mixed bromochloro species THMs and two dominant HAAs (DCAA and TCAA) increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of ozone dose, with the turning point approximately occurring at an ozone dose of 5 mg/L. The genotoxicity detected using umu test, on the other hand, was removed from 7 μg 4-NQO/L to a negligible level by ozonation under an ozone dose of 5 mg/L. Chlorination could further remove the genotoxicity to some extent. It was found that SUVA (UV absorbance divided by DOC concentration) might be used as an indicative parameter for monitoring the removal of genotoxicity during the oxidation.

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DBP formation during chloramination

Cited by 151 publications

References 13 publications

DOC-dynamics in a small headwater catchment as driven by redox fluctuations and hydrological flow paths – are DOC exports mediated by iron reduction/oxidation cycles?

DOC-dynamics in a small headwater catchment as driven by redox fluctuations and hydrological flow paths – are DOC exports mediated by iron reduction/oxidation cycles?

Toxicity assessment of chlorinated secondary effluents by theVibrio fischeribioluminescence assay

Formation potentials of typical disinfection byproducts and changes of genotoxicity for chlorinated tertiary effluent pretreated by ozone

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