DC conduction in chloroprene rubber (CR)

The influence of DC voltage on the conductivity of chloroprene rubber-carbon black composites for flexible resistive heating elements

“…8,9 Chloroprene rubber (CR) or neoprene is an elastic material that is safe for prolonged contact with human skin as it has been widely used as a diving suit material. 10 Pristine CR matrix electrical conductivity dependence on temperature for crosslinked and non-crosslinked samples 11 proves that the electrical conductivity in CR is mainly due to an ionic conductivity mechanism. If the temperature was increased above 80 °C, then the electrical current through the sample increased with the increase in temperature (NTC).…”

“…The crosslinking induces additional impurities (C-Cl bond scission and ZnCl 2 impurity formation from the released Cl atoms with the crosslinking agent ZnO), so the electrical conductivity is further increased. 11 The authors estimate that the energy needed to create ion pairs in the sample is very small (266 cal mol −1 ; 111.9 J mol −1 ) compared to the chemical bond energy of ZnCl 2 (76.4 kcal mol −1 ; 319.4 kJ mol −1 ) so this suggests that the conductive ions are the chlorine ions, which have not reacted with ZnO during vulcanization, and the impurity ions. 11 Additionally, local parts of the CR chain can have conjugated electrons, which in conjunction with the impurities (ZnCl 2 , MgCl 2 ) as "dopants", can add some charge transport to pristine CR matrix conductivity.…”

“…11 The authors estimate that the energy needed to create ion pairs in the sample is very small (266 cal mol −1 ; 111.9 J mol −1 ) compared to the chemical bond energy of ZnCl 2 (76.4 kcal mol −1 ; 319.4 kJ mol −1 ) so this suggests that the conductive ions are the chlorine ions, which have not reacted with ZnO during vulcanization, and the impurity ions. 11 Additionally, local parts of the CR chain can have conjugated electrons, which in conjunction with the impurities (ZnCl 2 , MgCl 2 ) as "dopants", can add some charge transport to pristine CR matrix conductivity. [12][13][14] As the conjugated parts are localized, it will never be the dominant conduction mechanism.…”

Analysis of electrical and dynamic mechanical response of conductive elastomeric composites subjected to cyclic deformations and temperature

“…Their electrical characteristics are related to the concentration, size, and shape of the particles and also to possible interactions between the conductive and the insulating phases. Though some works are available on electrical properties of CR and conducting carbon black filled composites , the effect of cyclic deformations and temperature on electrical and dynamic mechanical properties of CR composites have not been studied in details in these works of literature.…”

“…Their electrical characteristics are related to the concentration, size, and shape of the particles and also to possible interactions between the conductive and the insulating phases. Though some works are available on electrical properties of CR and conducting carbon black filled composites [26][27][28], the effect of cyclic deformations and temperature on electrical and dynamic mechanical properties of CR composites have not been studied in details in these works of literature. This paper reports the findings of the experimental investigation on change in electrical and dynamic mechanical properties of CR filled with varying concentration and types of carbon black fillers namely intermediate super abrasion furnace (N220), high abrasion furnace (N330), semi-reinforcing furnace (N770), and conducting carbon black (CCB; Vulcan XC-72).…”