DC drift activation energy of LiNbO<sub>3</sub> optical modulators based on thousands of hours of active accelerated aging tests

Nagata, Hirotoshi; Li, Yagang; Croston, I. R.; Maack, David R.; Appleyard, Andrew

doi:10.1109/lpt.2002.1021974

Cited by 12 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…As shown by Minford [9], the temperature plays an important role in the drift behavior in z-cut titanium-diffused waveguide devices, since the different drift rates decrease when the temperature of the modulator increases. These results are confirmed by the fact that the temperature dependence of the drift rate in x-cut or z-cut LN MZ modulators follows Arrhenius distribution [10], [11]. The silica buffer layer has also a large influence on the drift.…”

Section: Different Sources Of Drift In Ln Mz Modulators and Their Relative Magnitudessupporting

confidence: 57%

“…and are the conductivities variations over the waveguide. Thus, (8) becomes (9) If we assume that (10) where and are the dimensions of the waveguide along Xand Z-axes, respectively, then (9) becomes (11) where and are the relative conductivity gradients along X-and Z-axes, respectively. They have been evidenced by our group, by means of a polaron microphotoluminescence technique [22].…”

Section: B Experimental Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis and Control of the DC Drift in LiNbO₃Based Mach–Zehnder Modulators

Salvestrini

Guilbert

Fontana

et al. 2011

J. Lightwave Technol.

164

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The drift issue induces slow drifting of the optimum operating point for high efficiency or large nonlinearities in analog optical links, and requires complex control of the offset bias voltage for achieving high extinction ratio in digital optical links. We discuss and analyze the different sources of the drift in commercially LiNbO 3 Mach-Zehnder modulators. The different extrinsic and intrinsic origins are compared in terms of phase shift and the different corresponding orders of magnitude are given, pointing out the predominant role of the intrinsic (dc) drift. We show the large role played by the electrical inhomogeneities at the surface of the LiNbO 3 substrate by highlighting the link between the time dependence of the dc drift and the electrical conductivity measured at the surface and in the volume of the LiNbO 3 substrate. This allows to propose a solution to the drift issue which consists in the engineering of the electrical conductivity of the lithium niobate substrate.

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Section: Different Sources Of Drift In Ln Mz Modulators and Their Relative Magnitudessupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: B Experimental Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis and Control of the DC Drift in LiNbO₃Based Mach–Zehnder Modulators

Salvestrini

Guilbert

Fontana

et al. 2011

J. Lightwave Technol.

164

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show abstract

“…Reported E a varies between 1.0 eV and 1.4 eV for unbuffered X-cut LiNbO 3 [21,22]. This range of activation energies means a broad range of acceleration factors.…”

Section: −Eamentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction in DC-Drift in LiNbO3-Based Electro-Optical Modulator

et al. 2021

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This study involves the results of research on short-term and long-term DC-drifts in electro-optical modulators based on annealed proton exchange waveguides in LiNbO3 crystals after wafer pre-annealing. The relaxation time of the DC-drift of the operating point for a short-term drift is measured in minutes, and for a long-term drift it is measured in hours and days. DC-drift was measured by applying bias voltage and changing crystal temperature. The obtained results show significant impact on the stability of operating point in EO-modulators after treatment of defective structure of the near-surface layer of a LiNbO3 crystal. Treatment of the disturbed near-surface layer of a LiNbO3 crystal results in the simultaneous reduction in short-term DC-drift and increase in operation stability of electro-optical modulators during long-term measurement of temperature by activation energy calculation.

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“…The obtained comparative results Ea1/Ea2 = 1.8, where Ea1 -activation energy of a modulator after treatment LiNbO3 and Ea2 -activation energy of a references modulator enables us to draw a firm conclusion that LiNbO3-based EO-modulators can operate longer with a smaller number of errors at the defined driver parameters after treatment near-surface structure. Reported Ea varies between 1.0 eV and 1.4 eV for unbuffered X-cut LiNbO3 [21,22]. This range of activation energies means a broad range of acceleration factors.…”

Section: Temperature Stability Of Eo-modulators (Long-term Dc-drift)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Reduction of DC-drift in LiNbO3-based Electro-optical Modulator

Sosunov¹,

Ponomarev²,

Zhuravlev³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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This work involves results of research on short-term and long-term DC-drifts in electro-optical modulators based on annealed proton exchange waveguides in LiNbO3 crystals after wafer pre-annealing. The relaxation time of the DC-drift of the operating point for a short-term drift is minutes, and for a long-term drift, hours and days. DC-drift was measured by applying bias voltage and changing crystal temperature. Obtained results shows significant impact on stability of operating point in EO-modulators after treatment of defective structure of the near-surface layer of a LiNbO3 crystal. Treatment of the disturbed near-surface layer of a LiNbO3 crystal results in twice reduction of short-term DC-drift and increase of operation stability of electro-optical modulators during long-term measurement of temperature by activation energy calculation.

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DC drift activation energy of LiNbO₃ optical modulators based on thousands of hours of active accelerated aging tests

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

Analysis and Control of the DC Drift in LiNbO₃Based Mach–Zehnder Modulators

Analysis and Control of the DC Drift in LiNbO₃Based Mach–Zehnder Modulators

Reduction in DC-Drift in LiNbO3-Based Electro-Optical Modulator

Reduction of DC-drift in LiNbO3-based Electro-optical Modulator

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DC drift activation energy of LiNbO3 optical modulators based on thousands of hours of active accelerated aging tests

Cited by 12 publications

References 7 publications

Analysis and Control of the DC Drift in LiNbO3Based Mach–Zehnder Modulators

Analysis and Control of the DC Drift in LiNbO3Based Mach–Zehnder Modulators

Reduction in DC-Drift in LiNbO3-Based Electro-Optical Modulator

Reduction of DC-drift in LiNbO3-based Electro-optical Modulator

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Product

Resources

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DC drift activation energy of LiNbO₃ optical modulators based on thousands of hours of active accelerated aging tests

Analysis and Control of the DC Drift in LiNbO₃Based Mach–Zehnder Modulators

Analysis and Control of the DC Drift in LiNbO₃Based Mach–Zehnder Modulators