DDT and Other Organohalogen Pesticides in Aquatic Organisms

The tissue residue approach for toxicity assessment: Findings and critical reviews from a Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Pellston Workshop

“…Wildlife toxicologists were far ahead of those working in aquatic systems because they began to correlate adverse effects and concentrations of organochlorine pesticides, Hg, and Pb in the organs of birds starting in the 1950s. Subsequently, it became common to conduct controlled laboratory studies with wildlife to determine the magnitude of adverse concentrations that could then be compared to concentrations in species collected from the field (Rattner et al 2011). During this period, sporadic articles were published by aquatic toxicologists promoting the virtues of tissue residue toxicity; however, their approach was not widely embraced, mainly because of the emphasis on exposure to contaminants in water and sediment.…”

“…After these and other reviews were published, the scientific literature addressing tissue residue toxicity increased considerably, especially in a broader context that included examinations for multiple species and specific‐acting chemicals. Several studies on individual chemicals or classes of compounds have been published, and most of these have been cited in review articles published over the last 15 y, each exploring various theoretical, mechanistic, and application aspects of tissue residue toxicity (van Wezel and Opperhuizen 1995; Keith 1996; Barron et al 2002; Escher et al 2002, 2004; Traas et al 2004; Meador 2006; Meador et al 2008; Rattner et al 2011).…”

Contamination of Plants from Amazonia by Environmental Pollution

“…The 0.8 value of such a ratio recorded for "Balsamina" (see Table 4) confirm our previous considerations according to which its DDT contamination is presumably due to the malaria control procedure performed in such areas about twenty years ago. On the other hand, the (DDE + DDD)/DDTs = 0.6 data concerning "Mullaca", together with the dominant DDD recorded concentration respect to DDTs profile, would be an indication that the contamination of such a plant can be related to a more recent use of DDT or rothane insecticide in the harvesting area [61].…”

Assessing Biomagnification and Trophic Transport of Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Food Chain of the Galapagos Sea Lion (Zalophus wollebaeki): Conservation and Management Implications

“…-HCH was the dominant HCH isomer in blubber samples of California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) from Baja California [51] and in toothed cetaceans from tropical and temperate waters of the Indian and North Pacific oceans [52] due to the greater biomagnification of the most bioaccumulative -HCH versus -HCH [3,20]. Interestingly, the mean -HCH concentration in Galapagos sea lions was higher than the mean ∑HCH concentrations measured in spinner dolphins (Stenella longirostris) (21.3 μg/kg lipid) captured in a marine area of the Eastern Tropical Pacific [52] in offshore waters north of the Galapagos.…”

“…Bioaccumulation of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) represents a risk to the marine environment and wildlife, including marine mammals and birds [1][2][3][4]. Biomagnification is a special case of bioaccumulation and is defined as the process by which concentrations of contaminants or chemical substances (i.e.…”