DDT levels in fish, streams, stream sediments, and soil before and after DDT aerial spray application for fall cankerworm in northern pennsylvania

The Effect of Sticky Bands on Cankerworm Abundance and Defoliation in Urban Trees

“…The foliage of infested trees can be sprayed with an insecticide, such as Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki, to kill larvae. However, applying insecticide to large trees in densely populated areas is difficult, expensive, and has consequences for non-target organisms and the environment (Cole et al 1967;Miller 1990;Tobin et al 2012). Another method, tree banding, has been used to manage cankerworms (Britton 1900;La France and Westwood 2006;Eirich 2008) and other lepidopteran pests, such as gypsy moths (Collins and Hood 1920;Blumenthal and Hoover 1986) and winter moths (Otvos and Hunt 1986) that climb tree trunks as larvae or adults.…”

Interactions Between DDT and River Fungi

“…DDT[1 , 1, 1-trichloro-2 ,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane] was introduced into the aquatic environment indirectly (26,41) and directly, with the object of controlling the insect vectors of animal diseases (32). The insecticide can be detected in the surface waters or bottom sediments of springs (37), wells (17), sewage effluents (20), irrigation canals (17, 18), ponds (2), lakes (17,25,28), streams (6,8,15,20,40), rivers (1,4,13,17,28,35), river estuaries (3,39), and tidal marshes (11). It was reported that DDT and its analogues are accumulated by freshwater and marine plants (2,8,9,11,19,25,27) and animals (2, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14-16, 19, 21,22,25,31,33,36,40,43).…”

The effects of selected pesticides on ten isolates of terrestrial algae.

“…Since the late 1940's, reports have shown that even a single application will persist for many years, that repeated applications accumulate to amounts much higher than amounts applied in anyone year, that it is seldom found in quantity in the soil below plow depth, that it is concentrated by organisms in the food chain, and that DDT and its residues are found 1.n soils where they have never been directly applied (Smith, 1948;Chisholm, et al, 1950 andFoster, 1951;Fleming and Maines, 1953;Allen, et al, 1954;Ginsburg and Reed, 1954;Ginsburg, 1955;Lichtenstein, 1957;Lichtenstein and Schulz, 1959;Lichtenstein, et a1., 1960;Taschenberg et al, 1961;Clore, et al, 1961, cited in Alexander, 1965bRoberts, et al, 1962;Wheatley, et al, 1962;Bridges, et al, 1963;Edwards, 1963Edwards, . 1964Woodwell and }~rtin, 1964;Harris, et al, 1966;Nash and Woolson, 1967;Woodwell, et al, 1967;Woodwell, 1967;Cole, et al, 1967;Chacko and Lockwood, 1967;Ko and Lockwood, 1968a;Dimond, et al, 1970;Kearney, et al, 1970;Cox, 1970aCox, , 1970bLichtenstein, et al, 1971;Brown, 1972;Tarrant, et al, 1972;Wiersma, Tai and Sand, 1972a;Wiersma, Mitchell, and Stanford, 1972;Menzie, 1972;Yule, 1973, and the following, all cited in March. 1965…”