“…The traditional open-short de-embedding method has been proven to be unsuitable to ultra-high frequencies due to its incapability for dealing with distributed nature in millimeter-wave frequency range based on assumptions of lumped equivalent circuit and ideal dummy patterns [16,17]. On the other hand, based on cascading distributive assumption, multi-line methods, including L-2L [18,19,20,21], and thru-based approaches such as thru-only [22], have been widely used for on-chip transmission line de-embedding [23,24]. The targets of the transmission line de-embedding include the determination of complex propagation constant and characteristic impedance.…”