“…There is a mechanical impedance caused by lack of space to store displaced soil particles by root growing. A compacted soil also has a negative effect on water infiltration, water retention, gas permeability and exchange, nutrient cycle and habitat for soil organisms, resulting in suppression of root growth (Bakema et al, 2023). Lipiec et al (2012) found, in an experiment with undisturbed soil samples, a reduction of 50% of the root length for barley and 79% for triticale in compacted soil compared to non-compacted soil.…”