De montículos a paisajes: procesos de transformación y construcción de paisajes en el sur de la cuenca del plata

Abstract

ResumenA través de un estudio comparado, se analiza el rol que tuvo la construcción de montículos en la configuración de dos tipos particulares de paisajes arqueológicos: las estructuras monumentales (cerritos) de los humedales del noreste de Uruguay y los montículos antrópicos de las islas y ambientes litorales del Delta del río Paraná, Argentina. Sobre la base de los resultados de las prospecciones y excavaciones arqueológicas en estructuras monticulares de ambas regiones, se discute el origen de estas manifestaciones prehispánicas, los procesos de formación de sitio y las actividades implicadas, así como el desarrollo y conformación de estos paisajes arqueológicos. El análisis de las regularidades y las diferencias entre ambas experiencias regionales se integran en una discusión más amplia sobre la ocupación y trayectoria histórica de las tierras bajas sudamericanas. Palabras claves: Paisajes arqueológicos; Cerritos; Delta del Paraná; Noreste de Uruguay; Tierras bajas sudamericanas. AbstractThrough a comparative study, we analyze the role of mound building in the configuration of two particular types of archaeological landscapes: the monumental earthen structures (cerritos) of the wetlands of Northeast Uruguay and the human-made earthen mounds of the islands and littoral environments of the Delta of the Paraná River, Argentina. Based on the results of archaeologica

Stable Carbon and Nitrogen Isotope Studies in the Paraná River Delta (Argentina): An Approach to Prehispanic Diets

“…The archaeobotanical evidence from several centuries before the arrival of the European conquerors and archaeofaunal studies of the sites show that the Goya-Malabrigo economy combined wild and domesticated resources (Bonomo, Aceituno, Politis, and Pochettino 2011;Politis and Bonomo 2012). For this reason, we believe it can be classified as a mixed economy Gianotti and Bonomo 2013) in which hunting, fishing, and gathering were combined with horticulture. The concept of mixed economy 3 has been used previously in the archaeology of the region (Ledesma 1993:3) and elsewhere in South America (e.g., Dillehay 2013;Iriarte 2006;Medina et al 2014) to refer to a great variety of intermediate economies that are not entirely hunting-gatherers or dependent on intensive agriculture.…”

“…The combination of extractive and productive economic strategies is the result of historical trajectories and adaptive processes of particular forms of plant and animal management within the rich aquatic environments found in the floodplain of the Paraná River. The consolidation of these mixed economies in the South American lowlands, where indigenous people did not depend on a few resources, seems to have been partly the key to their adaptive success in the extensive and rich flooded environments (Gianotti and Bonomo 2013).…”

Las poblaciones indígenas prehispánicas del río Paraná Inferior y Medio

“…Estos últimos sí dejaron huellas, como rayas y surcos poco profundos dispuestos en forma paralela y entrecruzada. Se destaca el hallazgo de tiestos y masas de arcilla con improntas de redes o cestos (Serrano 1922;Ceruti 1984;Gianotti & Bonomo 2013) que, junto con los torteros, evidencian el tejido de fibras que no se han preservado en el registro. Las variantes del inciso, sobre todo el surco rítmico y el inciso de línea llena, fueron aplicadas para plasmar unidades de diseño no figurativas tales como líneas rectas, en zigzag y almenadas; en algunos casos estos elementos decorativos se elaboraron mediante pastillaje y pigmento rojo.…”

Molecular features of organic matter in anthropogenic earthen mounds, canals and lagoons in the Pago Lindo archaeological complex (Tacuarembó, Uruguayan lowlands) are controlled by pedogenetic processes and fire practices

“…The category "cerritos" (Arechavaleta, 1892) or "Indian earthquakes" (Ferrés, 1927) was introduced to define a wide range of architectural forms including round mounds, long mounds, platforms, ring mounds and microreliefs, the functional diversity and chronology of which still require further studies (Milheira and Gianotti, 2018). The mounds, typically around 30-40 m in diameter and 1-5 m elevation, are composed mainly of an organic-rich sediment matrix from the direct surroundings (Capdemont et al, 2005;Suárez-Villagrán and Gianotti, 2013), forming an admixture with cultural remains such as food waste, lithic waste, tools, ceramics, ochre, charcoal and sometimes burnt anthill material (Bracco et al, 2000;López-Mazz, 2001;Iriarte, 2006a;Gianotti and Bonomo, 2013). Associated structures that are frequently found in mound sites include anthropogenic lagoons, canals and areas that were depleted of their soil resources ("soil mines"), e.g.…”