De Novo Methylation, Long-Term Promoter Silencing, Methylation Patterns in the Human Genome, and Consequences of Foreign DNA Insertion

Doerfler, Walter

doi:10.1007/3-540-31390-7_5

Cited by 20 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 136 publications

(131 reference statements)

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“…(18) The mechanism of long-term gene silencing has been documented in many eukaryotic systems and has been interpreted as an ancient ubiquitous cellular defense against the activity of foreign genes. (19) Foreign genes, like those of viruses and transfecting constructs, that enter the cell and are permanently fixed in established mammalian or plant genomes by covalent integration, are normally silenced by de novo DNA methylation in specific patterns. (19) Nucleic acids outside the cell…”

Section: Exdna In Bacterial Communication and Horizontal Gene Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Extracellular nucleic acids

Vlassov¹,

Laktionov²,

Rykova³

2007

BioEssays

157

102

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Extracellular nucleic acids are found in different biological fluids in the organism and in the environment: DNA is a ubiquitous component of the organic matter pool in the soil and in all marine and freshwater habitats. Data from recent studies strongly suggest that extracellular DNA and RNA play important biological roles in microbial communities and in higher organisms. DNA is an important component of bacterial biofilms and is involved in horizontal gene transfer. In recent years, the circulating extracellular nucleic acids were shown to be associated with some diseases. Attempts are being made to develop noninvasive methods of early tumor diagnostics based on analysis of circulating DNA and RNA. Recent observations demonstrated the possibility of nucleic acids exchange between eukaryotic cells and extracellular space suggesting their participation in so far unidentified biological processes.

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Section: Exdna In Bacterial Communication and Horizontal Gene Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(19) Foreign genes, like those of viruses and transfecting constructs, that enter the cell and are permanently fixed in established mammalian or plant genomes by covalent integration, are normally silenced by de novo DNA methylation in specific patterns. (19) Nucleic acids outside the cell…”

Section: Exdna In Bacterial Communication and Horizontal Gene Transfermentioning

confidence: 99%

Extracellular nucleic acids

Vlassov¹,

Laktionov²,

Rykova³

2007

BioEssays

157

102

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“…Thus, if a DNA region contains nonmethylated CpGs, they will tend to remain nonmethylated. A major area of research in eukaryotic epigenetic regulation is directed at understanding the mechanisms by which DNA methylation patterns are erased following cleavage of the fertilized egg and then established via de novo methylation (74,81,141,180).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epigenetic Gene Regulation in the Bacterial World

Casadesús

Low

2006

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

568

562

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SUMMARY Like many eukaryotes, bacteria make widespread use of postreplicative DNA methylation for the epigenetic control of DNA-protein interactions. Unlike eukaryotes, however, bacteria use DNA adenine methylation (rather than DNA cytosine methylation) as an epigenetic signal. DNA adenine methylation plays roles in the virulence of diverse pathogens of humans and livestock animals, including pathogenic Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Vibrio, Yersinia, Haemophilus, and Brucella. In Alphaproteobacteria, methylation of adenine at GANTC sites by the CcrM methylase regulates the cell cycle and couples gene transcription to DNA replication. In Gammaproteobacteria, adenine methylation at GATC sites by the Dam methylase provides signals for DNA replication, chromosome segregation, mismatch repair, packaging of bacteriophage genomes, transposase activity, and regulation of gene expression. Transcriptional repression by Dam methylation appears to be more common than transcriptional activation. Certain promoters are active only during the hemimethylation interval that follows DNA replication; repression is restored when the newly synthesized DNA strand is methylated. In the E. coli genome, however, methylation of specific GATC sites can be blocked by cognate DNA binding proteins. Blockage of GATC methylation beyond cell division permits transmission of DNA methylation patterns to daughter cells and can give rise to distinct epigenetic states, each propagated by a positive feedback loop. Switching between alternative DNA methylation patterns can split clonal bacterial populations into epigenetic lineages in a manner reminiscent of eukaryotic cell differentiation. Inheritance of self-propagating DNA methylation patterns governs phase variation in the E. coli pap operon, the agn43 gene, and other loci encoding virulence-related cell surface functions.

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“…Nevels et al (2001) showed that AdV infections may contribute to the development of some human tumours through a mutagenesis-based hit-and-run mechanism resulting in tumours that do not carry viral genes and proteins. Other possible mechanism by which AdV could transform by a 'hit-and-run' mechanism is suggested by its stimulatory effects on DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) (Burgers et al, 2007) and the profound DNA methylation changes that occur in rodent AdV cancer models (Doerfler, 2006). Data indicating a possible role of AdVs in human oncogenesis are restricted to the investigation of serotype 5 (a C class virus), and little is known about the oncogenic potential of other members of the AdV family.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%