Abstract:BackgroundThe German cockroach, Blattella germanica, is an important insect pest that transmits various pathogens mechanically and causes severe allergic diseases. This insect has long served as a model system for studies of insect biology, physiology and ecology. However, the lack of genome or transcriptome information heavily hinder our further understanding about the German cockroach in every aspect at a molecular level and on a genome-wide scale. To explore the transcriptome and identify unique sequences o… Show more
“…The biological process terms were primarily associated with cellular processes, such as proteolysis, carbohydrate metabolic processes and oxidation-reduction utilization. Similar compositions and distributions of unigenes assigned to GO terms have been reported in transcriptomics descriptions from other insects [9, 12]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 79%
“…A total of 35,430 unigenes with a mean length of 716 bp were obtained from the transcriptome analysis. The average length of the unigenes for ACB in the present study was longer than those observed in Plutella xylostella (532 bp) [15] and Liposcelis bostrychophila (711) [16] but shorter than those in Blattella germanica (798 bp) [9] and Agrotis ipsilon (770 bp) [17]. The length of the unigenes may be related to the sequencing technique and assembly tools used.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 49%
“…Until recently, no complete picture has been achieved, even of specific gene families. For example, cytochrome P450s (CYPs) have been highly recognized as a supergene family, with 36 to 180 genes in insect genomes [9, 10], while only one CYP gene with a full-length coding region was accessed for the ACB in GenBank. This scarcity of genetic information for the ACB has also resulted in a paucity of genetic studies and integrated theories for understanding the basic biology of this pest.…”
BackgroundThe Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), has become the most damaging insect pest of corn in Asia. However, the lack of genome or transcriptome information heavily hinders our further understanding of ACB in every aspect at a molecular level and on a genome-wide scale. Here, we used the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM) Sequencer to explore the ACB transcriptome and to identify relevant genes in response to flubendiamide, showing high selective activity against ACB.ResultsWe obtained 35,430 unigenes, with an average length of 716 bp, representing a dramatic expansion of existing cDNA sequences available for ACB. These sequences were annotated with Non-redundant Protein (Nr), Gene Ontology (GO), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) to better understand their functions. A total of 31 cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), 27 carboxyl/cholinesterases (CCEs) and 19 glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) were manually curated to construct phylogenetic trees, and 25 unigenes encoding target proteins (acetylcholinesterase, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor, glutamate-gated chloride channel, voltage-gated sodium channel and ryanodine receptor) were identified. In addition, we compared and validated the differentially expressed unigenes upon flubendiamide treatment, revealing that the genes for detoxification enzymes (P450s and esterase), calcium signaling pathways and muscle control pathways (twitchin and tropomyosin), immunoglobulin (hemolin), chemosensory protein and heat shock protein 70 were significantly overexpressed in response to flubendiamide, while the genes for cuticular protein, protease and oxidoreductase showed much lower expression levels.ConclusionThe obtained transcriptome information provides large genomic resources available for further studies of ACB. The differentially expressed gene data will elucidate the molecular mechanisms of ACB in response to the novel diamide insecticide, flubendiamide. In particular, these findings will facilitate the identification of the genes involved in insecticide resistance and the development of new compounds to control the ACB.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3431-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
“…The biological process terms were primarily associated with cellular processes, such as proteolysis, carbohydrate metabolic processes and oxidation-reduction utilization. Similar compositions and distributions of unigenes assigned to GO terms have been reported in transcriptomics descriptions from other insects [9, 12]. Fig.…”
Section: Resultssupporting
confidence: 79%
“…A total of 35,430 unigenes with a mean length of 716 bp were obtained from the transcriptome analysis. The average length of the unigenes for ACB in the present study was longer than those observed in Plutella xylostella (532 bp) [15] and Liposcelis bostrychophila (711) [16] but shorter than those in Blattella germanica (798 bp) [9] and Agrotis ipsilon (770 bp) [17]. The length of the unigenes may be related to the sequencing technique and assembly tools used.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 49%
“…Until recently, no complete picture has been achieved, even of specific gene families. For example, cytochrome P450s (CYPs) have been highly recognized as a supergene family, with 36 to 180 genes in insect genomes [9, 10], while only one CYP gene with a full-length coding region was accessed for the ACB in GenBank. This scarcity of genetic information for the ACB has also resulted in a paucity of genetic studies and integrated theories for understanding the basic biology of this pest.…”
BackgroundThe Asian corn borer (ACB), Ostrinia furnacalis (Guenée), has become the most damaging insect pest of corn in Asia. However, the lack of genome or transcriptome information heavily hinders our further understanding of ACB in every aspect at a molecular level and on a genome-wide scale. Here, we used the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM) Sequencer to explore the ACB transcriptome and to identify relevant genes in response to flubendiamide, showing high selective activity against ACB.ResultsWe obtained 35,430 unigenes, with an average length of 716 bp, representing a dramatic expansion of existing cDNA sequences available for ACB. These sequences were annotated with Non-redundant Protein (Nr), Gene Ontology (GO), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) to better understand their functions. A total of 31 cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s), 27 carboxyl/cholinesterases (CCEs) and 19 glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) were manually curated to construct phylogenetic trees, and 25 unigenes encoding target proteins (acetylcholinesterase, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor, glutamate-gated chloride channel, voltage-gated sodium channel and ryanodine receptor) were identified. In addition, we compared and validated the differentially expressed unigenes upon flubendiamide treatment, revealing that the genes for detoxification enzymes (P450s and esterase), calcium signaling pathways and muscle control pathways (twitchin and tropomyosin), immunoglobulin (hemolin), chemosensory protein and heat shock protein 70 were significantly overexpressed in response to flubendiamide, while the genes for cuticular protein, protease and oxidoreductase showed much lower expression levels.ConclusionThe obtained transcriptome information provides large genomic resources available for further studies of ACB. The differentially expressed gene data will elucidate the molecular mechanisms of ACB in response to the novel diamide insecticide, flubendiamide. In particular, these findings will facilitate the identification of the genes involved in insecticide resistance and the development of new compounds to control the ACB.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3431-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
“…Zhou et al. () described partial sequences for 14 OBPs, two ORs, and four GRs from a whole body transcriptome conducted using pyrosequencing, whereas Niu, Liu, Dong, and Dong () expanded the OBP total to 48 mostly complete sequences by performing an antennal transcriptome using ILLUMINA sequencing and also found five ORs and 5 IRs, albeit mostly partial sequences. The sequencing of the B. germanica genome as part of an i5k pilot project (Robinson et al., ; i5k Consortium ) allowed Harrison et al.…”
The acquisition of genome sequences from a wide range of insects and other arthropods has revealed a broad positive correlation between the complexity of their chemical ecology and the size of their chemosensory gene repertoire. The German cockroach Blattella germanica is an extreme omnivore and has the largest chemosensory gene repertoire known for an arthropod, exceeding even the highly polyphagous spider mite Tetranychus urticae. While the Odorant Receptor family is not particularly large, with 123 genes potentially encoding 134 receptors (105 intact), the Gustatory Receptor family is greatly expanded to 431 genes potentially encoding 545 receptors (483 intact), the largest known for insects and second only to the spider mite. The Ionotropic Receptor family of olfactory and gustatory receptors is vastly expanded to at least 897 genes (604 intact), the largest size known in arthropods, far surpassing the 150 known from the dampwood termite Zootermopsis nevadensis. Commensurately, the Odorant Binding Protein family is expanded to the largest known for insects at 109 genes (all intact). Comparison with the far more specialized, but phylogenetically related termite, within the Dictyoptera, reveals considerable gene losses from the termite, and massive species‐specific gene expansions in the cockroach. The cockroach has lost function of 11%–41% of these three chemoreceptor gene families to pseudogenization, and most of these are young events, implying rapid turnover of genes along with these major expansions, presumably in response to changes in its chemical ecology.
“…It is conceivable, in a similar mode as reported for other pest species, that this large proteome allowed B. germanica to evolve such a broad range of resistance to toxins and pathogens. In fact, a de novo transcriptome of B. germanica revealed a large repertoire of transcripts important for the metabolism of toxins and defense against pathogens (Zhou et al., ). These include genes in both the Toll and Imd pathways, including serpins (47), cathepsins (32), lipopolysaccharide‐binding proteins (21), transferrins (20), Gram negative bacteria binding proteins (4), Toll‐like receptors (16), peptidoglycan recognition proteins (15), lysozymes (8), Imd proteins (3), and others including 115 lectin‐like proteins and 18 β‐glucanases (Zhou et al., ).…”
The German cockroach, Blattella germanica, is a worldwide pest that infests buildings, including homes, restaurants, and hospitals, often living in unsanitary conditions. As a disease vector and producer of allergens, this species has major health and economic impacts on humans. Factors contributing to the success of the German cockroach include its resistance to a broad range of insecticides, immunity to many pathogens, and its ability, as an extreme generalist omnivore, to survive on most food sources. The recently published genome shows that B. germanica has an exceptionally high number of protein coding genes. In this study, we investigate the functions of the 93 significantly expanded gene families with the aim to better understand the success of B. germanica as a major pest despite such inhospitable conditions. We find major expansions in gene families with functions related to the detoxification of insecticides and allelochemicals, defense against pathogens, digestion, sensory perception, and gene regulation. These expansions might have allowed B. germanica to develop multiple resistance mechanisms to insecticides and pathogens, and enabled a broad, flexible diet, thus explaining its success in unsanitary conditions and under recurrent chemical control. The findings and resources presented here provide insights for better understanding molecular mechanisms that will facilitate more effective cockroach control.
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