De regeling van de schriftelijke wilsverklaring euthanasie in artikel 2 lid 2 Wtl

Postma, L.

doi:10.5553/nts/266665532021002004003

Cited by 1 publication

(2 citation statements)

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“…The first is an ecotoxicity database containing chemical-specific SSDs for 10,000+ chemicals, 121 of which are pharmaceuticals (Posthuma, van Gils, et al, 2019). The second is a database with long-term measurements of chemical concentrations in Dutch surface waters, containing almost 35 million measurements representing 1680 unique chemicals (Postma et al, 2021). Sampling sites were not specifically selected regarding vicinity to emission points.…”

Section: What Is Our Understanding Of the Topic Area?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Large-scale chemical risk assessments of environmental APIs as presented in our study require extensive data on both their environmental presence and environmental effects. Such data are not generally easily accessible, in fact our Dutch case study is unique because it builds on the long-standing structural monitoring efforts of Dutch regional water authorities (Postma et al, 2021) and dedicated collection, curation, and aggregation of ecotoxicological species sensitivity (accessible as supplementary materials to Posthuma, van Gils, et al, 2019). Since 2006, human pharmaceuticals have required an ERA for marketing approval in the European Union.…”

Section: What Are the Priorities For Future Research?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Regulatory Risk Assessment of Pharmaceuticals in the Environment: Current Practice and Future Priorities

Oldenkamp

Hamers

Wilkinson

et al. 2023

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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How can data on the occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment and the quality of ecosystems exposed to PPCPs be used to determine whether current regulatory risk assessment schemes are effective? This is one of 20 “big questions” concerning PPCPs in the environment posed in a landmark review paper in 2012. Ten years later, we review the developments around this question, focusing on the first P in PPCPs, that is, pharmaceuticals, or more specifically the active ingredients included in them (active pharmaceutical ingredients, APIs). We illustrate how extensive data on both the occurrence of APIs and the ecotoxicological sensitivity of aquatic species to them can be used in a retrospective risk assessment. In the Netherlands, current regulatory risk assessment schemes offer insufficient protection against direct ecotoxicological effects from APIs: the toxic pressure exerted by the 39 APIs included in our study exceeds the policy‐related protective threshold of 0.05 (the “95%‐protection level”) in at least 13% of sampled surface waters. In general, anti‐inflammatory and antirheumatic products (e.g., diclofenac, ibuprofen) contributed most to the overall toxic pressure, followed by sex hormones and modulators of the genital system (e.g., ethinylestradiol) and psychoanaleptics (e.g., caffeine). We formulated three open questions for future research. The first relates to improving the availability and accessibility of good‐quality ecotoxicity data on pharmaceuticals for the global scientific, regulatory, and general public. The second relates to the adaptation of regulatory risk assessment frameworks for developing regions of the world. The third relates to the integration of effect‐based and ecological approaches into regulatory risk assessment practice. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;00:1–12. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.

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Section: What Is Our Understanding Of the Topic Area?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What Are the Priorities For Future Research?mentioning

confidence: 99%