Insight
into the mechanism of a safe, simple, and inexpensive phosphoric
acid (H3PO4)-catalyzed acylation of alcohols
with acid anhydrides is described. The corresponding in situ-generated
diacylated mixed anhydrides, unlike traditionally proposed monoacylated
mixed anhydrides, are proposed as the active species. In particular,
the diacylated mixed anhydrides act as efficient catalytic acyl transfer
reagents rather than as Brønsted acid catalysts simply activating
acid anhydrides. Remarkably, highly efficient phosphoric acid (1–3
mol %)-catalyzed acylation of alcohols with acid anhydrides was achieved
and a 23 g scale synthesis of an ester was demonstrated. Also, phosphoric
acid catalyst was effective for synthetically useful esterification
from carboxylic acids, alcohols, and acid anhydride. Moreover, with
regard to recent developments in chiral 1,1′-bi-2-naphthol
(BINOL)-derived phosphoric acid diester catalysts toward asymmetric
kinetic resolution of alcohols by acylation, some phosphate diesters
were examined. As a result, a 31P NMR study and a kinetics
study strongly supported not only the acid–base cooperative
mechanism as previously proposed by other researchers but also the
mixed anhydride mechanism as presently proposed by us.