Dead western white pine: characteristics, product recovery, and problems associated with utilization.

Lumber recovery and value of dead and sound black spruce trees grown in the North Shore region of Québec

“…Hence, trees in a more advanced state of decay tended to produce lumber of a lower average grade than that obtained from live trees. Our results are in accordance with those of Willits et al (1990) and Snellgrove and Cahill (1980), who also used a field classification system to compare lumber recovery from dead and live trees in the west coast of the United States after epidemics of mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) and of white pine blister (Cronartium ribicola). Snellgrove and Cahill (1980) demonstrated that the average value of lumber produced from western white pine (Pinus monticola Dougl.…”

“…Specifically, during the first year after death, the moisture content of both the sapwood and heartwood can decrease rapidly below the fiber saturation point and cause the formation of internal checks (Woo et al, 2005;Lewis and Hartley, 2006). Dead trees are also more prone to invasions by saprophytic fungi and secondary insects, which can lead to an increased incidence of saprot (Snellgrove and Cahill, 1980;Lowell and Parry, 2007). The rate of infestation by decay fungi depends mainly on tree species, moisture content, and temperature (Pischedda, 2004).…”

“…Zeeuw 1980). Such changes do not only have a detrimental impact on the volume recovery at the sawmill (Fahey, 1977;Snellgrove and Cahill, 1980), but have the potential to significantly increase harvesting costs due to an increase in the frequency of stem breakage (Sinclair and Ifju, 1977;Mancini, 1978;Byrne et al, 2005;Nader, 2007 ). Handling dry logs also complicates sawmilling operations, as debarkers can cause a substantial amount of fibre damage if adjusted to remove the bark of live trees (Mancini, 1978).…”

Salvage harvesting for bioenergy in Canada: From sustainable and integrated supply chain to climate change mitigation

“…As the wood starts to dry, some of the reserve substances stored in parenchymal cells are lost, which makes the wood lighter and more porous than wood from live trees (Barrette, Thiffault, Saint-Pierre, et al, 2015). Invasion of the wood by saprophytic fungi and secondary insects can increase the incidence of sap rot (Fahey, Snellgrove, & Plank, 1986;Snellgrove & Cahill, 1980), which may further affect wood quality and its suitability for bioenergy products. In budworm-killed balsam fir trees, for example, moisture content can drop to 50% in only 2 years after death (Lowell & Parry, 2007).…”

Management experiments for high-elevation agroforestry systems jointly producing matsutake mushrooms and high-quality timber in the Cascade Range of southern Oregon.

“…and western gall rust (Endocronartium harknessii (J. P. Moore) Y. Hiratsuka) infect western white pine and lodgepole pine, respectively, and cause widespread mortality (Hoff 1992, Snellgrove andCahill 1980). The principal measure to control fungal infection is to prune limbs of trees closest to the ground.…”