Dealing With the Consequences of Climate Change in Historic Parks and Gardens in the United Kingdom

The management of plants and their impact on monuments in historic gardens: Current threats and solutions

“…Farr & Stanosz causes shoot blight in Cedrus Trew. (Woudstra, 2019), and the red palm weevil (Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Olivier) is the main threat for palms since 2000 s (Funsten et al, 2020;Gullino et al, 2020a;Manachini et al, 2013;Raciti et al, 2013). The recent scientific literature warns against a series of alien pathogens and pests characterised by rapid spread and high virulence which could represent a main threat for their host plant species in historic gardens, nowadays and in the near future (Table 2).…”

“…To avoid decline of veteran trees by limiting predisposing factors, simple measures can be supported, such as "erecting fences to prevent soil compaction", as reported for Bretton Park (Woudstra, 2019) (Table 4). Further measures are, for example, "leaving the litter on the ground" for releasing of nutrients (Hüttl et al, 2019), as well as the realization of specific "supports to fix great and unbalanced branches'' (Nicolotti and Gonthier, 2004).…”

“…Plants & Monuments COVE method for veteran trees; erecting fences to prevent compaction; well-performed pruning/pollarding; leaving the litter on the ground for nutrient releasing; realization of specific supports to fix great and unbalanced branches; sensors and remote sensing to monitor and create tree inventories; vegetative propagation of monumental trees. Hayes, 2002;Nicolotti and Gonthier, 2004;Ferrini, 2006;Dix, 2014;Tomao et al, 2015;Ciaffi et al, 2018;Qiu et al, 2018;Cazzani et al, 2019;Malinverni et al, 2019;Woudstra, 2019 Askwith, 1999;Connell, 2005;Yoon and Kwon, 2010;Hristov et al, 2018;Woudstra, 2019.…”

“…Several authors reported problems caused by high visitor frequency (Askwith, 1999;Connell, 2005;Yoon and Kwon, 2010) such as the excessive soil compaction (Woudstra, 2019). Only a few gardens were designed for sustaining a large number of people.…”

“…In order to limit problems related with visitors, some authors pointed out the opportunity to set a "maximum threshold of visitors", according to the garden characteristics (Yoon and Kwon, 2010;Askwith, 1999) (Table 4). "Erecting of fences around larger trees" to prevent compaction as done at Bretton Park (Woudstra, 2019) may dissuade visitors from creating an excessive load around the more fragile specimens. Connell (2005) reported about a study in the UK on 1223 garden managers, which released interviews about this issue.…”