Death and burial of Roman children: The case of the Yasmina Cemetery at Carthage—Part I, setting the stage

Norman, Naomi J.

doi:10.1080/1357627021000025469

Cited by 15 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…1). The burial ground extends beyond the area of excavation; it contains a wide variety of burial and monument types dating from the late first to the sixth centuries CE (Annabi 1992;Norman 2002;Norman 2003;Norman and Haeckl 1993). While the presence of substantial amounts of glass waste and chunks of raw glass amongst the finds points to the existence of an active secondary glassworking tradition at Carthage during this time, the various types of raw glass identified provide crucial data for assessing the nature of the economic activities and the continuity of maritime trade in context of political fragmentation towards the end of the western Roman Empire.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glass groups, glass supply and recycling in late Roman Carthage

Schibille

Sterrett-Krause

Freestone

2016

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

119

115

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Carthage played an important role in maritime exchange networks during the Roman and late antique periods. One hundred ten glass fragments dating to the third to sixth centuries CE from a secondary deposit at the Yasmina Necropolis in Carthage have been analysed by electron microprobe analysis (EPMA) to characterise the supply of glass to the city. Detailed bivariate and multivariate data analysis identified different primary glass groups and revealed evidence of extensive recycling. Roman mixed antimony and manganese glasses with MnO contents in excess of 250 ppm were clearly the product of recycling, while iron, potassium and phosphorus oxides were frequent contaminants. Primary glass sources were discriminated using TiO 2 as a proxy for heavy minerals (ilmenite/spinel), Al 2 O 3 for feldspar and SiO 2 for quartz in the glassmaking sands. It was thus possible to draw conclusions about the chronological and geographical attributions of the primary glass types. Throughout much of the period covered in this study, glassworkers in Carthage utilised glass from both Egyptian and Levantine sources. Based on their geochemical characteristics, we conclude that Roman antimony and Roman manganese glasses originated from Egypt and the Levant, respectively, and were more or less simultaneously worked at Carthage in the fourth century as attested by their mixed recycling (Roman Sb-Mn). In the later fourth and early fifth centuries, glasses from Egypt (HIMT) and the Levant (two Levantine I groups) continued to be imported to Carthage, although the Egyptian HIMT is less well represented at Yasmina than in many other late antique glass assemblages. In contrast, in the later fifth and sixth centuries, glass seems to have been almost exclusively sourced from Egypt in the form of a manganese-decolourised glass originally described and characterised by Foy and colleagues (2003). Hence, the Yasmina assemblage testifies to significant fluctuations in the supply of glass to Carthage that require further attention.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glass groups, glass supply and recycling in late Roman Carthage

Schibille

Sterrett-Krause

Freestone

2016

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

119

115

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“…De facto, se esta temática tem merecido atenção noutras áreas geográficas do Império, como é o caso da Gália (Coulon 2004;Laubenheimer 2004), da Germania (Beilke-Voigt 2008) ou do Norte de África (Norman 2002(Norman , 2003, o mesmo não pode ser afirmado para o Extremo Ocidente. Em Portugal, por exemplo, esta temática não tem recebido suficiente atenção.…”

Section: As âNforas Enquanto Féretro: Simbolismo Ou Pragmatismo?unclassified

“…A intensa relação comercial da Península Ibérica, sobretudo do Levante e da Catalunha, com África, aliada à importante representação do rito no Norte deste continente (Norman 2002(Norman , 2003, são argumentos que poderiam validar esta origem (Corrado 2003: 102-103). Talvez por este motivo, os núcleos urbanos litorais foram especialmente permeáveis à introdução de novas ideologias e, neste caso, à difusão de um rito que, como vimos, foi reforçado com o Cristianismo.…”

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Inumações infantis em ânfora na península ibérica durante a época romana: a prática e o rito

Pereira

Albuquerque

2018

SPAL

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Resumo: Apresentam-se neste artigo alguns comentários sobre as inumações infantis em ânfora na Península Ibérica (sé-culo I a.C. a V/VI d.C.), bem como um estudo preliminar dos textos romanos e cristãos, escritos durante este período sobre este tema, e ainda a evolução desta prática no registo arqueológico. Definiram-se duas grandes fases: na primeira (antes de c 250 d.C.), de formação, surgem alguns casos, e na segunda (depois de c 250 d.C.), assiste-se à multiplicação e dispersão deste ritual na Península Ibérica, coincidindo com a expansão do Cristianismo. Outro objectivo deste trabalho é dar resposta a questões sobre as razões que levaram a esta opção: reflecte a reprodução de sistemas simbólicos? Ou razões pragmáticas?Abstract: This paper presents some commentaries about the infant burials in amphorae in the Iberian Peninsula (1st Century BC-5th Century AD), and a preliminary study of the texts written during this period (both Roman and Christian) about this theme and the evolution of this practice in the Archaeological record. We defined basically two major periods: the first (until c 250 AD), with some cases (formation), and the second (after c 250 AD) with a visible multiplication and dispersion of this ritual along the Iberian Peninsula, almost side-by-side with the expansion of Christianism. Another aim of this paper is to answer some questions about the motivations of this option: it reflects a reproduction of symbolic systems? Or pragmatic reasons? Palavras-chave: Inumações infantis; ânfora; Cristianismo; rituais funerários; época romana. Keywords: Infant burials; amphorae; Christianism; Funerary Rituals, Roman period. INTRODUÇÃOA morte foi sempre um acontecimento que se manifestou das mais variadas formas nas atitudes dos vivos, motivando uma multiplicidade de disposições funerá-rias. Como algumas das fontes deixam antever, a idade à morte terá sido um dos factores que condicionou estas atitudes, podendo ser o funus socialmente mais, ou menos, ostentado.Entre outros factores, abordados neste trabalho, o registo arqueológico comprova que esta realidade é particularmente variada nos enterramentos infantis. A pluralidade, nestes casos, da localização, da arquitectura, dos ritos e do espólio é verificada quer em Pereira, C. y Albuquerque, P. (2018): "Inumações infantis em ânfora na península ibérica durante a época romana: a prática e o rito", Spal 27.1: 89-118.

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“…Archaeological and epigraphic evidence indicate that infants under one year of age are underrepresented in cemeteries from the Roman period, but this does not necessarily reflect a lack of concern or grief over the loss of a child (Hope 2009;. Preservation of infant remains and the ability to recognize and recover the bones of young children, may also contribute to the underrepresentation of infants in the archaeological record (Norman 2010;. It has also been suggested that the funerals of children were held at night, in part due to the association with death pollution and due to their marginal status in society (Hope 2009).…”

Section: The Burial Of Infants and Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has also been suggested that the funerals of children were held at night, in part due to the association with death pollution and due to their marginal status in society (Hope 2009). Infants were sometimes buried in broken amphorae, interpreted as symbolic of the infant's return to the womb (Norman 2010). Older children were cremated or buried in a similar manner to adults and there are proportionally more funerary epitaphs to children over the age of one year, reflecting the increased emotional investment of the parents in older children and the public expression of grief at the loss (Hope 2009).…”

Section: The Burial Of Infants and Childrenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bananas: Origins and Development

Langhe¹

2014

Encyclopedia of Global Archaeology

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Death and burial of Roman children: The case of the Yasmina Cemetery at Carthage—Part I, setting the stage

Cited by 15 publications

References 23 publications

Glass groups, glass supply and recycling in late Roman Carthage

Glass groups, glass supply and recycling in late Roman Carthage

Inumações infantis em ânfora na península ibérica durante a época romana: a prática e o rito

Bananas: Origins and Development

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