Death from diabetic ketoacidosis in the Eastern part of Denmark in 2016-2018. Beta-hydroxybutyrate as a marker

Abstract

Diabetes mellitus is a disease caused by a deficiency in (type 1) or inability to use insulin (type 2). Untreated it can lead to diabetic ketocidosis (DKA) – state with high levels of ketone bodies (acetone, acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB)). This state can be life threatening. Measurement of ketone bodies together with vitreous/urine glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) are therefore essential to diagnose DKA-related deaths. All autopsy samples received at our department in the period 2016-2018 for toxicological investigations were analyzed for acetone, BHB, and vitreous glucose (N = 1394). In case of a high level of BHB, HbA1C and urine glucose were measured. Thirty two cases (2.3%) were concluded to be DKA-related deaths. Eleven (34%) of these had no known history of diabetes. BHB accounts for the major part of ketone bodies and is directly associated with the acidosis effect. Therefore, BHB is preferred to acetone when evaluating DKA and other ketoacidosis-related deaths. We compared acetone and BHB levels to evaluate if the easy acetone measurement could cover our needs for screening. We found that high BHB levels (>2000 µmol/L) were detected if the acetone cut off was set to 0.01 g/L. But, many samples would have low BHB < 3-500 µmol/L with this cut off, and many samples with raised BHB (500-1,200 µmol/L) would not be detected. We therefore recommend to screen all samples for BHB. In case of a high BHB (>1,000 µmol/L) vitreous/urine glucose and HbA1C must be measured to distinguish DKA from other types of ketoacidosis.

Overview of systematic toxicological analysis strategies and their coverage of substances in forensic toxicology

“…This includes measurements of glucose, sodium and potassium in vitreous humour/urine using an ABL 90FLEX blood gas analyzer instrument (Radiometer) to evaluate possible electrolyte imbalances (Method VI, Figure 1). 42 In addition to the methods described above, other methods may be used in special cases, depending on the case history and if requested.…”

“…This includes measurements of glucose, sodium and potassium in vitreous humour/urine using an ABL 90FLEX blood gas analyzer instrument (Radiometer) to evaluate possible electrolyte imbalances ( Method VI , Figure 1 ). 42 …”