Death rates at specific life stages mold the sex gap in life expectancy

Zarulli, Virginia; Kashnitsky, Ilya; Vaupel, James W.

doi:10.1073/pnas.2010588118

Cited by 63 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Due to the ongoing increase in life expectancy among the older ages, the high contribution and the shifting of peak to the old-old age are happening. The significant contribution from older ages above 60 years is observed in other parts of the world as well, especially after the 1950s [ 9 , 11 , 17 , 19 , 33 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Based on Sample Registration System’s data for 2016–18, maternal mortality ratios are still very high in Assam, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Odisha [ 35 ], which suggests that there is room for longevity gain by reducing the maternal mortality. In developed countries up until around 1930s, ages 0 to 40 females were at a disadvantaged position and younger age groups in ages 15 to 40 played only a modest role in the gender gap [ 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a recent paper on gender gap in LEB based on evidences from developed nations the growing importance of old ages above 60 is highlighted [ 33 ]. Male mortality above 60 years now contribute around 80 per cent in Japan, 70 per cent in Sweden and more than 50 per cent in US.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Gender inequality is found to be important in the gender gap in life expectancy in the EU [ 23 ], men’s mortality risk in the US [ 22 ]. Decomposition analysis to identify the age and cause-specific reasons for the gender gap suggests that female survival advantage occurs in the older ages [ 9 , 11 , 17 , 19 , 33 ].…”

Section: Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender gap in life expectancy in India and role of age groups: A comparison between before and after male – female life expectancy at birth crossover

Borah

2021

PLoS ONE

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To assess the gender gap in life expectancy at birth in India and its major states as well as the timing of male-female life expectancy at birth crossover. To analyze the age-specific contributions to the changing gender differences before and after the crossover at the national and sub-national levels. We have used sample-survey-based age-specific mortality data available for the periods 1970–2018 to construct abridged life tables. The contribution of different age groups to the gender gap is estimated by using Arriaga’s method of decomposition. During 1981–85 female life expectancy at birth caught up with male life expectancy at birth for India and by 2005 all major states completed the crossover. The male-female crossover in life expectancy at the national level in the early 80s is remarkable in the face of continued female disadvantage from birth till adolescence, even for some richer states. We provide evidence that gender difference in longevity in favour of females is largely a function of adult age groups and younger age groups contribute negatively to the gender gap in life expectancy at birth in most states. Juxtaposing the results from contribution in an absolute number of years and their relative contribution change before and after the crossover, it is established that although the adult and old age groups contribute the highest in the absolute number of years before and after the crossover, the contribution of the reproductive age groups and childhood years in the recent time is most relevant in relative terms.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Review Of Literaturementioning

confidence: 99%

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Gender gap in life expectancy in India and role of age groups: A comparison between before and after male – female life expectancy at birth crossover

Borah

2021

PLoS ONE

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“…Attribution, due to mortality changes among primarily 60+▶, solely 60+▶▶, primarily <60◁, solely <60◁◁ 2 Central estimate in months 3 95% confidence intervalSex differences in life expectancy changesRecent trends of a decreasing gap in LE between females and males30 were disrupted by the pandemic. Consistent with previous research, females showed higher life expectancy in the 29 countries in our analysis.…”

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confidence: 99%

Bounce backs amid continued losses: Life expectancy changes since COVID-19

Schöley

Aburto

Kashnitsky

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background The COVID-19 pandemic triggered an unprecedented rise in mortality that translated into life expectancy losses around the world, with only a few exceptions. In 2021, life expectancy trends globally diverged more due to the unequal impact of the pandemic across countries, variation in the age-patterns of mortality, and differences in vaccination. We estimate life expectancy changes in 29 countries since 2020, attribute them to mortality changes by age group, and compare them to historic life expectancy shocks. Data Total death counts by age and sex came from the Short-term Mortality Fluctuations and Human Mortality databases. Registered COVID-19 deaths and vaccination counts by age and sex were sourced from the COVerAGE-DB database. Midyear population counts were extracted from the UN World Population Prospects database. Methods Life expectancy for females, males, and the total population were calculated for 29 countries for 2020 and 2021. Additionally, we calculated life expectancy deficits for 2020 and 2021 based on pre-pandemic Lee-Carter forecasts of short-term life expectancy trends. Using demographic decomposition techniques, age- and COVID-19 specific contributions to changes and deficits in life expectancy were calculated. Deficits in life expectancy in 2021 across countries were compared to country vaccination rates. 95% uncertainty intervals were derived from Poisson replications of death counts. Findings Out of 29 countries, 14 countries lost life expectancy in both 2020 and 2021, 12 recovered losses in 2020 but not all of them back to 2019 levels, 2 exceeded pre-pandemic life expectancy, and 1 dropped below 2019 levels only in 2021. All 29 countries had lower life expectancy in 2021 than expected had pre-pandemic trends continued. The female life expectancy advantage increased for most countries, consistent with hypotheses that females are more resilient to mortality crises than men. Life expectancy losses were moderately correlated with measures of vaccination uptake. One notable change from 2020 was that mortality at younger ages contributed more to life expectancy losses in 2021. Registered COVID-19 deaths accounted for most losses of life expectancy. Interpretation In 2021 we saw divergence in the impact of the pandemic on population health. While some countries saw bounce-backs from stark life expectancy losses, others experienced sustained and substantial life expectancy deficits. While COVID-19 has been the most severe global mortality shock since the Second World War, this observed heterogeneity in 2021 indicates that pathways to long-term recovery of life expectancy trends remain unclear.

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A biological approach to adult sex differences in skeletal indicators of childhood stress

O’Donnell

Hill

Anderson

et al. 2021

American Journal of Biological Anthropology

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Objectives: In previous work examining the etiology of cribra orbitalia (CO) and porotic hyperostosis (PH) in a contemporary juvenile mortality sample, we noted that males had higher odds of having CO lesions than females. Here, we examine potential reasons for this pattern in greater detail. Four non-mutually exclusive mechanisms could explain the observed sex differences: (1) sex-biased mortality; (2) sexual dimorphism in immune responses; (3) sexual dimorphism in bone turnover; or (4) sexual dimorphism in marrow conversion. Subjects and methods:The sample consists of postmortem computed tomography scans and autopsy reports, field reports, and limited medical records of 488 individuals from New Mexico (203 females; 285 males) aged between 0.5 and 15 years. We used Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, predicted probabilities, and odds ratios to test each mechanism.Results: Males do not have lower survival probabilities than females, and we find no indications of sex differences in immune response. Overall, males have a higher probability of having CO or PH lesions than females. Conclusions:All results indicate that lesion formation in juveniles is influenced by some combination of sex differences in the pace of red-yellow conversion of the bone marrow and bone turnover. The preponderance of males with CO and PH likely speaks to the potential for heightened osteoblastic activity in males. We find no support for the hypotheses that sex biases in mortality or immune responses impacted lesion frequency in this sample. Sex differences in biological processes experienced by children may affect lesion formation and lesion expression in later life.

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Death rates at specific life stages mold the sex gap in life expectancy

Cited by 63 publications

References 24 publications

Gender gap in life expectancy in India and role of age groups: A comparison between before and after male – female life expectancy at birth crossover

Gender gap in life expectancy in India and role of age groups: A comparison between before and after male – female life expectancy at birth crossover

Bounce backs amid continued losses: Life expectancy changes since COVID-19

A biological approach to adult sex differences in skeletal indicators of childhood stress

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