Deaths Due to Injuries Among Employed Adults: The Effects of Socioeconomic Class

Steenland, Kyle; Halperin, William; Hu, Sherry; Walker, James T.

doi:10.1097/00001648-200301000-00017

Cited by 54 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Comparing the suicide mortality rate among the 25% of cohort members with the highest occupational rank to the 75% of cohort members in lower ranked occupations, the Steenland et al 40 study reported a population-attributable fraction of about 40%. The population-attributable fraction was estimated as the proportion of observed suicide deaths that would not occur if all labour force participants had experienced the ASMR for suicide of the lowest-exposure reference group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suicide Mortality by Occupation in Canada, 1991–2001

et al. 2010

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Objective: To describe the association between occupation and risk of suicide among working-age men and women in Canada.Method: This study of suicide mortality over an 11-year period is based on a broadly representative 15% sample of the noninstitutionalized population of Canada aged 30 to 69 years at cohort inception. Age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) and rate ratios were calculated for men and women in 5 categories of skill level and 80 specific occupational groups, as well as for people not occupationally active. Results:The suicide mortality rate was 20.1/100 000 person years for occupationally active men (during 9 600 000 person years of follow-up) and 5.3/100 000 person years for occupationally active women (during 8 100 000 person years of follow-up). Among occupationally active men, elevated rates of suicide mortality were observed for 9 occupational groups and protective effects were observed for 6 occupational groups. Among women, elevated rates of suicide were observed in 4 occupational groups and no protective effects were observed. For men and women, ASMRs for suicide were inversely related to skill level. Conclusions:The limited number of associations between occupational groups and suicide risk observed in this study suggests that, with few exceptions, the characteristics of specific occupations do not substantially influence the risk for suicide. There was a moderate gradient in suicide mortality risk relative to occupational skill level. Suicide prevention strategies in occupational settings should continue to emphasize efforts to restrict and limit access to lethal means, one of the few suicide prevention policies with proven effectiveness.Can J Psychiatry. 2010;55(6):369-376. Clinical Implications· With few exceptions, the characteristics of specific occupations do not substantially influence the risk for suicide in Canada. · Suicide prevention strategies in occupational settings should continue to emphasize efforts to restrict and limit access to lethal means. · The gradient in suicide mortality risk by occupational skill level requires further research. Limitations· Occupation and labour force participation was measured only at cohort inception. · Census records do not contain information on behavioural risk factors or mental health function. · Despite the large cohort, there are statistical power limitations in estimating occupation-specific suicide mortality risk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suicide Mortality by Occupation in Canada, 1991–2001

et al. 2010

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“…Therefore these scores do more than measure occupation: they are a broad indicator of SES. The measure has been used in numerous studies linking SES and health (e.g., Meyer et al 2004;Steenland et al 2003;Steenland, Hu, and Walker 2004;Temby and Smith 2013).…”

Section: Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Childhood socioeconomic status, adult socioeconomic status, and old-age health trajectories

Zimmer¹,

Hanson²,

Smith³

2016

DemRes

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“…In the few studies conducted, the lowest rates of homicide mortality are seen in persons with higher occupational attainment and educational credentials (the latter observation, in part, led to our examining the IQ-homicide link reported herein). [2][3][4] In our study, the same observations were made for parental occupational social class and the participants' own educational attainment by early adulthood in relation to homicide risk. The observation of a protective effect for increased height may be as much attributable to the favourable social circumstances it indexes as to the possible deterrent to violence that increased stature could confer.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

IQ in early adulthood and later risk of death by homicide: cohort study of 1 million men

et al. 2008

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BackgroundRisk factors for homicide are emerging; however, the predictive value of IQ, for which there is a strong prima facie case, has yet to be examined.AimsTo examine the association between IQ and risk of death by homicide.MethodA cohort of 968 846 men, aged 18–19 years, were administered an IQ test battery at military conscription and then followed for mortality experience over two decades.ResultsThere were 191 deaths due to homicide during follow-up. In age-adjusted analyses, a high total IQ test score was associated with a reduced rate of homicide (hazard ratio (HR) per standard deviation increase in IQ score=0.49, 95% CI 0.42–0.57). A step-wise gradient was apparent across the three IQ groups (P-value for trend 50.001). After adjustment for indicators of socio-economic position and illness at conscription, this gradient was marginally attenuated (HR=0.57, 95% CI 0.49–0.67).ConclusionsHigh IQ test scores in early adulthood were associated with a reduced risk of death by homicide.

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Deaths Due to Injuries Among Employed Adults: The Effects of Socioeconomic Class

Abstract: We estimate 41% of deaths from external causes are attributable to having a SES below the top quartile (both sexes combined).

Cited by 54 publications

References 13 publications

Suicide Mortality by Occupation in Canada, 1991–2001

Suicide Mortality by Occupation in Canada, 1991–2001

Childhood socioeconomic status, adult socioeconomic status, and old-age health trajectories

IQ in early adulthood and later risk of death by homicide: cohort study of 1 million men

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