Deaths Involving Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (<scp>MDPV</scp>) in Upper <scp>E</scp>ast <scp>T</scp>ennessee

Wright, Trista H.; Cline-Parhamovich, D O Karen; Lajoie, Dawn; Parsons, Brian; Dunn, Mark; Ferslew, Kenneth E.

doi:10.1111/1556-4029.12260

Cited by 47 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…In relation to these findings, Wakeford and Riley suggested the possibility that these strains do not differ in their sensitivity to emetic or sickness-inducing agents. Interestingly, clinical reports have shown that MDPV use has been associated with symptoms of nausea and vomiting (Coppola and Mondola, 2012; Wright et al, 2013). Although these findings suggest that the failure to see strain differences in MDPV-induced avoidance may be related to its sickness-inducing effects, it will be important to validate such effects in preclinical models of emesis and palatability shifts (see Parker, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)-induced conditioned taste avoidance in the F344/N and LEW rat strains

King

Wetzell

Rice

et al. 2014

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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The inbred Fischer (F344) and Lewis (LEW) rats, while originally developed as animal models for cancer and tissue transplantation research, have since been used to study genetic differences in a variety of physiological and behavioral endpoints. In this context, LEW rats show greater sensitivity to the aversive effects of cocaine as compared to F344 rats in a conditioned taste avoidance procedure. Like cocaine, 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV; “Bath Salts”) acts as a dopamine transport blocker and possesses aversive properties, making it a good candidate for assessing whether the aforementioned strain differences with cocaine would generalize to drugs with similar biochemical action. Accordingly, male F344 and LEW rats were exposed to a novel saccharin solution followed by injections of one of four doses of MDPV in a taste avoidance procedure. Over the four saccharin/MDPV pairings during conditioning, core body temperatures were also assessed. Similar to previous research, MDPV induced robust dose-dependent taste avoidance, although no effect of strain was observed. MDPV also produced hyperthermia that was independent of strain and unrelated to the conditioned taste avoidance. These findings argue for a complex influence of multiple (and likely interacting) monoaminergic systems mediating MDPV-induced taste avoidance in the two strains and suggest different mechanisms of avoidance learning for cocaine and MDPV.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)-induced conditioned taste avoidance in the F344/N and LEW rat strains

King

Wetzell

Rice

et al. 2014

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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“…The non-medical use of psychoactive synthetic cathinones, commonly known as “bath salts,” has increased worldwide in recent years (Baumann, 2014; German et al, 2014), often leading to life-threatening medical consequences (Kesha et al, 2013; Wright et al, 2013). Three of the most popular synthetic cathinones, 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV), 4-methyl- N -methylcathinone (mephedrone) and 3,4-methylenedioxy- N -methylcathinone (methylone), have been classified by the United States (US) as Schedule I controlled substances (Drug Enforcement Administration, 2011, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinforcing and neurochemical effects of the “bath salts” constituents 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylcathinone (methylone) in male rats

et al. 2015

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Rationale 3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylcathinone (methylone) are synthetic drugs found in so-called “bath salts” products. Both drugs exert their effects by interacting with monoamine transporter proteins. MDPV is a potent uptake blocker at transporters for dopamine and norepinephrine while methylone is a non-selective releaser at transporters for dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin (5-HT). Objectives We hypothesized that prominent 5-HT-releasing actions of methylone would render this drug less reinforcing than MDPV. Methods To test this hypothesis, we compared behavioral effects of MDPV and methylone using intravenous (i.v.) self-administration on a fixed-ratio 1 schedule in male rats. Additionally, neurochemical effects of the drugs were examined using in vivo microdialysis in nucleus accumbens, in a separate cohort of rats. Results MDPV self-administration (0.03 mg/kg/inj) was acquired rapidly, and reached 40 infusions per session, similar to the effects of cocaine (0.5 mg/kg/inj), by the end of training. By contrast, methylone self-administration (0.3 & 0.5 mg/kg/inj) was acquired slowly, and response rates only reached 20 infusions per session by the end of training. In dose substitution studies, MDPV and cocaine displayed typical inverted U-shaped dose-effect functions, but methylone did not. In vivo microdialysis revealed that i.v. MDPV (0.1 and 0.3 mg/kg) increased extracellular dopamine while i.v. methylone (1 and 3 mg/kg) increased extracellular dopamine and 5-HT. Conclusions Our findings support the hypothesis that elevations in extracellular 5-HT in the brain can dampen positive reinforcing effects of cathinone-type drugs. Nevertheless, MDPV and methylone are both self-administered by rats suggesting these drugs possess significant abuse liability in humans.

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“…The adverse effects include agitation, combative or violent behavior, psychosis, hallucinations, delusion, paranoia, confusion, suicidal ideation, tachycardia, chest pains, hypertension, dehydration, cardiovascular complications, rhabdomyolysis, and even death (27)(28)(29). In a Michigan study conducted by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from November 13, 2010 to March 31, 2011, 17 of the 35 emergency room patients exposed to synthetic cathinones were hospitalized, and one was dead upon arrival at the emergency room (30).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Multicenter Retrospective Survey of Poisoning after Consumption of Products Containing Synthetic Chemicals in Japan

et al. 2014

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Objective We conducted a multicenter retrospective survey of patients poisoned by synthetic chemicals (SCs) in Japan. Methods Letters were sent to 467 emergency facilities requesting participation in the study, and questionnaires were mailed to facilities that agreed to participate. Patients The study participants were patients who were transported to emergency facilities between January 2006 and December 2012 after consuming SC-containing products. Results We surveyed 518 patients from 60 (12.8%) facilities. Most patients were male (82.0%), in their 20s or 30s (80.5%), and had inhaled SCs (87.5%) contained in herbal products (86.0%). Harmful behavior was observed at the scene of poisoning for 56 patients (10.8%), including violence to others or things in 32, traffic accidents in seven, and self-injury or suicide attempts in four. Other than physical and neuropsychiatric symptoms, some patients also had physical complications, such as rhabdomyolysis (10.0%). Of the 182 patients (35.1%) admitted to hospitals, including 29 (5.6%) who needed respirators, all of the 21 (4.1%) hospitalized for at least seven days were male, and 20 had physical complications (rhabdomyolysis, 12; liver dysfunction, 5; renal dysfunction, 11; and physical injuries, 3). Most patients (95.6%) completely recovered, although 10 (1.9%) were transferred to a psychiatric department or hospital, and three (0.6%) were handed over to the police due to combative or violent behavior. SCs such as synthetic cannabinoids, synthetic cathinones, or methoxetamine were detected in 20 product samples. Conclusion Consuming products containing SCs can result in physical complications, including rhabdomyolysis, injuries, and physical or neuropsychiatric symptoms, which may require active interventions, such as respirator use or prolonged hospitalization.

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Deaths Involving Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) in Upper East Tennessee

Cited by 47 publications

References 9 publications

3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)-induced conditioned taste avoidance in the F344/N and LEW rat strains

3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)-induced conditioned taste avoidance in the F344/N and LEW rat strains

Reinforcing and neurochemical effects of the “bath salts” constituents 3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) and 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylcathinone (methylone) in male rats

A Multicenter Retrospective Survey of Poisoning after Consumption of Products Containing Synthetic Chemicals in Japan

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