“…Last but not least, many studies also covered the following topics: i) estimate ship emissions in a regional context (Matthias et al, 2010;Xing et al, 2016;Goldsworthy, 2017;Firląg et al, 2018;Li et al, 2018;EI-Taybany et al, 2019;Kwon et al, 2019;Goldsworthy et al, 2019;Zou et al, 2020;Jing et al, 2021); ii) estimate port emission inventories with external and social costs (Wang and Corbett, 2007;McArthur and Osland, 2013;Chatzinikolaou et al, 2015;Dragović et al, 2018;Liu et al, 2018;Progiou et al, 2021) and their spatial allocation (Deniz and Kilic, 2009;Coello et al, 2015;Fan et al, 2016;Huang et al, 2017;Buber et al, 2020); iii) associate ship emissions with seasonality and monthly variations (Song, 2014;Papaefthimiou et al, 2016;Cao et al, 2018;Chen at al., 2017;Chen et al, 2018;Bencs et al, 2020;; iv) compare ship emission inventory with land-side and other sources in the literatures (Kilic and Deniz, 2010;Villalba and Gemechu, 2011;Berechman and Tseng, 2012;Cullinane et al, 2016;Fan et al, 2016); v) define measures and strategies to reduce emissions from shipping activities (Gu and Wallace, 2017;Ammar and Seddiek, 2017;López-Aparicio et al, 2017;Qiao et al, 20...…”