Decanter cake as a feedstock for biodiesel production: A first report

Maniam, Gaanty Pragas; Hindryawati, Noor; Nurfitri, Irma; Jose, Rajan; Hasbi, Ab. Rahim Mohd; Dahalan, Farrah Aini; Yusoff, Mashitah M.

doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2013.07.077

Cited by 23 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Conversely, further increasing of methanol/oil ratio brought negative effects on methyl ester conversion. Excess of methanol used will make the reaction became slow in rate [13]. The excess amount of methanol will increase the tendency to dilute the oil during transesterification reaction.…”

Section: Fig 2: Fesem-edx Micrographs Of A) Barnacle (Cao) B) Cao-znomentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Production from Waste Catfish Fat (Pangasius Hypothalamus) Using Barnacle-Zno As A Catalyst

Khazaai¹,

Baki²,

Maniam³

et al. 2018

IJET

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The abundance and diverse populations of Barnacle shells catching the intention as a source of calcium oxide catalyst to transesterify waste catfish fat into methyl ester. Calcium oxide supported with zinc oxide was prepared by ball milling method at 1:2 ratios, calcined for 3 h at 400 °C. The characterization of catalyst revealed both metals were well integrated into a bimetallic oxide. The optimal conditions were found to be: methanol/oil mass ratio, 10:1; catalyst amount, 11 wt% at the reaction temperature, 65 °C with 3 h of reaction time achieving 85.7% of methyl ester conversion. Both feedstock and catalyst from waste source have been successfully utilized to produce biodiesel.

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Section: Fig 2: Fesem-edx Micrographs Of A) Barnacle (Cao) B) Cao-znomentioning

confidence: 99%

Fatty Acid Methyl Esters Production from Waste Catfish Fat (Pangasius Hypothalamus) Using Barnacle-Zno As A Catalyst

Khazaai¹,

Baki²,

Maniam³

et al. 2018

IJET

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“…The fresh PDC is dried overnight in oven at 110 o C and then grinded into fine particle size. The oil adsorbed on DC is extracted via ultrasound with n-hexane (non-polar solvent) according to the method applied in study of Maniam et al [2]. For optimization of oil extraction, 10 g of DC is extracted with 10 g hexane via ultrasound at temperature of 65 o C for 15 min, 30 min, 45 min, and 60 min respectively.…”

Section: Extraction Of Pdc-oil Via Ultrasound Extractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The highest ME content was observed at 17:1 molar ratio with 70.2 wt.%. The further increased in molar ratio might cause the solution to be too dilute and slowed the rate of reaction, and thus the ME yield is slightly lower [2] C 16:0 ISC 17:0 C 18:1 FIGURE 7. Effect of catalyst amount on methyl ester yield at 120 oC, methanol to oil molar ratio of 17:1 for 5 hours…”

Section: Effect Of Methanol To Dc-oil Molar Ratiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Esterification of oil adsorbed on palm decanter cake into methyl ester using sulfonated rice husk ash as heterogeneous acid catalyst

Hindryawati¹,

Erwin²,

Maniam³

2017

AIP Conference Proceedings

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Palm Decanter cake (PDC) which is categorized as the waste from palm oil mill has been found to contain residual crude palm oil. The oil adsorbed on the PDC (PDC-oil) can be extracted and potentially used as feedstock for biodiesel production. Feedstock from waste like PDC-oil is burdened with high free fatty acids (FFAs) which make the feedstock difficult to be converted into biodiesel using basic catalyst. Therefore, in this study, a solid acid, RHA-SO 3 H catalyst was synthesized by sulfonating rice husk ash (RHA) with concentrated sulfuric acid. The RHA-SO 3 H prepared was characterized with TGA, FTIR, BET, XRD, FE-SEM, and Hammett indicators (methyl red, bromophenol blue, and crystal violet). PDC was found to have about 11.3 wt. % oil recovered after 1 hour extraction using ultrasound method. The presence of sulfonate group was observed in IR spectrum, and the surface area of RHA-SO 3 H was reduced to 37 m 2 .g-1 after impregnation of sulfonate group. The RHA-SO 3 H catalyst showed that it can work for both esterification of free fatty acid which is present in PDC-oil, and transesterification of triglycerides into methyl ester. The results showed highest methyl ester content of 70.2 wt.% at optimal conditions, which was 6 wt.% catalyst amount, methanol to oil molar ratio of 17:1 for 5 hours at 120 o C.

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“…Furthermo re, OPDC contains 76% water (wet basis) and 12% residual oil (dry basis), and the rest is cellulose, lignin, ash, and organic content (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium). Studies have been conducted on the use of OPDC for biogas fermentation [12], bio-fert ilizer, biofuel, and cellu lose extraction [13], [14]. Due to the generation of a large amount of OPDC and its characteristics, this oil palm biomass waste can be converted to bioadsorbent for various applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%