Decay, stains, and beetles in ice-storm-damaged forests: A review

Hopkin, A. A.; Greifenhagen, S.; Holland, Jeff

doi:10.5558/tfc77605-4

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…CWD included various types of pine material, from snapped, severed tops to standing snags, uprooted and blowndown trees, and trees with varying levels of crown damage and loss. This CWD is problematic in that it can be utilized by bark beetles and wood-boring beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Cerambycidae), whose populations can build up following such a disturbance event (Hopkin et al 2001) and lead to additional tree mortality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of damage and mortality in red pine plantations following a major ice storm

Ryall¹,

Smith²

2005

Can. J. For. Res.

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The impact of a major ice storm in eastern Ontario on 28 pine plantations (red pine, Pinus resinosa Ait.; Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L.; white pine, Pinus strobus L.; and jack pine, Pinus banksiana Lamb.) was examined for 4 years after the event. Degree of crown loss and tree mortality were quantified in relation to tree and stand characteristics (e.g., tree species, diameter at breast height (DBH), stand density, stand edge versus interior). We also tested whether salvaging damaged material reduced subsequent tree mortality. Jack and Scots pine were 2.5 times more likely to be damaged by the ice storm than were red pine and white pine. Overstocked stands, and stands with lower mean DBH, were most susceptible to storm damage. Trees were five times more likely to be damaged in the interior versus the edge of a stand, in contrast with previous findings in hardwood stands. In unsalvaged stands, ca. 75% tree mortality was observed in severely damaged trees (>50% crown loss) compared with ca. 45% tree mortality in salvaged stands. Properly timed thinnings to increase diameter growth and the removal of dead and dying wood from heavily damaged stands are recommended to reduce the long-term effects of ice storms.Résumé : Pendant les 4 années qui ont suivi une importante tempête de verglas survenue dans l'est de l'Ontario, les auteurs ont étudié l'impact de cette tempête dans 28 plantations de pins (pin rouge, Pinus resinosa Ait.; pin sylvestre, Pinus sylvestris L.; pin blanc, Pinus strobus L. et pin gris, Pinus banksiana Lamb.). Le degré de perte de cime et la mortalité des arbres ont été quantifiés en relation avec les caractéristiques des arbres et du peuplement (p. ex., espèce d'arbres, diamètre à hauteur de poitrine (DHP), densité du peuplement, bordure versus intérieur du peuplement). Ils ont aussi vérifié si le fait de récupérer les arbres endommagés réduirait la mortalité par la suite. Le pin gris et le pin sylvestre avaient 2,5 fois plus de chances d'être endommagés par le verglas que le pin rouge et le pin blanc. Les peuplements avec une densité relative excessive et les peuplements avec un plus faible DHP moyen étaient les plus susceptibles d'être endommagés par le verglas. Les arbres avaient cinq fois plus de chances d'être endommagés à l'intérieur qu'en bordure d'un peuplement contrairement à ce qui a été rapporté précédemment dans le cas des peuplements feuillus. Dans les peuplements où il n'y avait pas eu de récupération, la mortalité atteignait environ 75 % chez les arbres sévèrement endommagés (>50 % de perte de cime) comparativement à environ 45 % dans les peuplements où des travaux de récupération avaient été effectués. Des éclaircies effectuées au moment opportun pour augmenter la croissance en diamètre et enlever les tiges mortes ou mourantes dans les peuplements sévèrement endommagés sont recommandées pour réduire les effets à long terme des tempêtes de verglas.[Traduit par la Rédaction] Ryall and Smith 493

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of damage and mortality in red pine plantations following a major ice storm

Ryall¹,

Smith²

2005

Can. J. For. Res.

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“…Climate change indirectly affects ecosystems and their organisms through its influence on disturbance events such as fire (Weber and Flannigan 1997, Li et al 2000, insects and pathogens (Fleming et al 2002a, b;Hogg et al 2002), extreme events such as ice storms (Irland 2000;Smith 2000;Hopkin et al 2001Hopkin et al , 2003, and invasive species (Ayres and Lombardero 2000, Simberloff 2000, Torchin et al 2003.…”

Section: Forces Of Ecological Change In the 21 St Centurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Impacts of climate change on diversity in forested ecosystems: Some examples

Gray¹

2005

The Forestry Chronicle

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Ecological diversity (the product of ecosystem, species, and genetic diversity) will change significantly in the 21 st Century in response to the combined influence of climate, human activities, the movement of indigenous and non-indigenous species, and natural disturbances like fire (also modified by climate). Many species will acclimate (phenotypic variation) and/or adapt (genotypic variation) to changing conditions. Many will not. Species with a high rate of reproduction that are able to move long distances, rapidly colonize new habitats, tolerate humans, and survive within a broad range of biophysical conditions will be most successful in finding new niches. Large changes in ecosystem composition, structure, and function are expected to occur at northern latitudes and higher altitudes. In some areas novel ecosystems likely will replace existing subalpine, alpine, boreal forest, and tundra ecosystems.Key words: climate change, ecodiversity, forest, ecosystem diversity, species diversity, genetic diversity RÉSUMÉ La diversité écologique (le produit de la diversité des écosystèmes, des espèces et de la diversité génétique) sera significativement modifiée au cours du XXI e siècle en réaction à l'influence combinée du climat, des activités humaines, du déplacement des espèces indigènes et non -indigènes et des perturbations naturelles comme les feux de forêts (également modifiés par le climat). Plusieurs espèces s'acclimateront (variation phénotypique) ou encore s'adapteront (variation génotypique) aux conditions changeantes. Mais ce ne sera pas le cas pour plusieurs espèces. Les espèces avec un fort taux de reproduction qui sont capables de se déplacer sur de grandes distances, de coloniser de nouveaux habitats, de tolérer les humains et de survivre sous une grande variété de conditions bio-physiques seront celles qui connaîtront le plus de succès dans la recherche d'une nouvelle niche. D'importants changements dans la composition des écosystèmes, dans la structure et les fonctions devraient s'opérer sous des latitudes plus nordiques et à des élévations supérieures. Dans certaines régions, de nouveaux écosystèmes devraient vraisemblablement remplacer les écosystèmes subalpins, alpins, boréaux et de la toundra.

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“…Severely damaged trees may have a high incidence of rotten wood due to pathogens that entered broken branches. This is partly supported by the N. America literature ((Hopkin et al 2001;Kraemer and Nyland 2010;Nyland et al 2016;Shortle et al 2003), but few studies have followed the long term effects of ice storm damage on wood decay. Indeed, both the high density of epicormic sprouts on the main bole of some species and the potential for wood decay will likely affect tree grade and quality of boles.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Short-term survival and crown rebuilding of European broadleaf tree species following a severe ice storm

2020

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Ice storms cause widespread damage to forests in many temperate regions, leaving behind many live trees with severe crown damage. Following a severe ice storm in 2014 that damaged forests across Slovenia, we examined how tree-level attributes influenced survival and crown rebuilding three growing seasons after the storm. Field sampling was carried out in four mature stands dominated by native broadleaf species. Of the 763 sampled trees, the annual mortality rate following the storm was 2.2%, and nearly all of the trees that died experienced > 75% crown removal. Oak (Quercus petraea) and chestnut (Castanea sativa) had higher rates of mortality than beech (Fagus sylvatica) and maple (Acer pseudoplatanus). Mixed models found that survival significantly increased with tree diameter and decreased with increasing crown damage. Although we observed sprouting across all the dominant species, maple, oak, and chestnut showed a more vigorous response compared to beech, and maple had the fastest sprout growth. Model results showed that sprout density and length increased with level of crown damage. The results indicate that these broadleaf forests are resilient to severe ice damage. Consequently, hasty salvage cutting of trees with canopy damage should be avoided, as many individuals with over 75% crown damage are likely to survive and recover.

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Decay, stains, and beetles in ice-storm-damaged forests: A review

Cited by 7 publications

References 30 publications

Patterns of damage and mortality in red pine plantations following a major ice storm

Patterns of damage and mortality in red pine plantations following a major ice storm

Impacts of climate change on diversity in forested ecosystems: Some examples

Short-term survival and crown rebuilding of European broadleaf tree species following a severe ice storm

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