Decaying of the marble and limestone monuments in the urban environment. Case studies from Saint Petersburg, Russia

Frank‐Kamenetskaya, Olga V.; Vlasov, Dmitrii Yu; Zelenskaya, Marina S.; Knauf, Irina; Timasheva, Maryia A

doi:10.5038/1937-8602.54.2.4

Cited by 18 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…According to [51], gypsum is created from the reaction of calcite (CaCO 3 ) with sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) in intensively decaying conditions under the influence of natural and anthropogenic factors such as atmospheric humidity and temperature changes, air pollution, salts, and aggressive microbial communities. This gypsum-rich patina develops as black crusts of various thicknesses and extensions.…”

Section: Quantitative Analysis Using X-ray Diffraction Technique (Xrd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigations and Microstructural Characterization of Construction Materials of Historic Multi-Leaf Stone-Masonry Walls

et al. 2021

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In order to correctly define the pathology of multiple-leaf stonemasonry walls and determine the appropriate interventions for its conservation and preservation, comprehensive studies on its building materials should be carried out since the overall behaviour of masonry structures is highly dependent on the characterization of its construction materials. Consequently, an interdisciplinary procedure for construction material characterization used in multiple-leaf stone-masonry walls in Egypt has been implemented to enrich documentation, conservation and restoration issues of this type of wall. The research methodology integrates experimental data obtained through on-site sampling, conducted tests and analyses, historical information, and field survey observations. The fundamental physical and mechanical properties of the masonry elements were examined by incorporating stone blocks, mortars and core-infill materials. The mineralogical composition and interlocking textures of the collected samples were investigated utilizing a large range of complementary investigation and analysis techniques, including polarizing microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (TG/DTA), and environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM) attached to an EDX unit. Through the results thus obtained, a complete characterization of the mineralogical composition; physical–mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties; and the interlocking textures of the construction materials of both the outer and inner-core layers was performed. The outer leaves of the majority of the multiple-leaf stone-masonry walls in medieval architectural heritage were mainly built of well-dressed limestone blocks with nearly uniform dimensions, while the inner-core layer was usually built of stone-rubble infill with bending lime-based mortar. The uniaxial compressive strengths of core infill (corresponding to the inner core layer) and lime-based mortar of the embedded joints are shown to be 85 and 92.5% lower than the limestone units of the outer layer, respectively. Moreover, experimental observations indicate that the inner core layer exhibits the highest porosity values; consequently, deteriorated, loose and cohesionless core infill could greatly affect the durability and thermal resistivity of this kind of wall. The results provide scientific support for investigating the overall structural behaviour of this type of walls and for decision-making in future conservation and restoration strategies.

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Section: Quantitative Analysis Using X-ray Diffraction Technique (Xrd)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental Investigations and Microstructural Characterization of Construction Materials of Historic Multi-Leaf Stone-Masonry Walls

et al. 2021

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“…As seen in Figure 2, dense growth of microorganisms was observed, with the presence of spherical algae cells and lichens forming foliating structures. 17 Algal cells are believed to be the main reason for aesthetic deterioration and provide a substrate for other organisms to grow, while lichens are potential agents for the weathering effect on the calcite stone of the monument. 18 In Figure 3, sparse growth of microorganisms was observed due to less exposure to sunlight and water content.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofilms and Biodeterioration: The Case of an Ancient Indian Monument

Sachdeva,

Srivastava,

Alam

et al. 2024

History and Sociology of South Asia

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Historical buildings are substantially built with sedimentary rocks, especially limestone, and form an important component of a country’s cultural heritage. The monuments are exposed to external environmental forces (humidity and temperature) that facilitate the proliferation of microorganisms and biofilms in an ecological succession. Feroz Shah Kotla is an ancient monument in Delhi, India, dating back to 1354 ad, and constructed of limestone, and with a discoloured façade now. The main objective of the present study was to characterise the biofilm present in areas of monuments exposed to sun and shaded areas, as influenced by two seasons—winter and monsoon (rainy), in terms of moisture, chlorophyll, protein and exopolysaccharide (EPS) as a function of carbohydrate concentration. The moisture, protein and EPS contents were higher in samples obtained from sun-exposed areas of rainy season samples and least in shaded areas of winter samples, while the chlorophyll content was highest in sun-exposed winter samples. The ICP-MS analysis showed that Ca concentration was highest (15,967.92 µg−1). Scanned electron microscope images show the presence of coccoid, bacillus and filamentous forms of microorganisms, and sparser in the dry season. The results of the present study provide significant clues that the deterioration of such ancient monuments is correlated to the establishment and continued presence of biofilms which eventually weaken and corrode the surface; appropriate conservation actions can be congruent in targeting biofilms successfully.

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“…A current study reports in unpolluted environments, the presence of thin black crusts with biogenic origin, composed by a massive presence of filamentous cyanobacteria (Gaylarde et al, 2007). Organisms: in non-biogenic black crust: bacteria (Bacillus licheniformis, B. subtilis, B. brevis, Corynebacterium glutamicum, Actinomyces, Flavobacterium breve, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Nocardia) (Turtura et al, 2000), fungi (Papulaspora-like, Engyodontium album, Aureobasidium pullulans, Cladosporium sphaerospermum) (Saiz-Jimenez, 1997;Frank-Kamenetskaya et al, 2009), and cyanobacteria (Gloeothece, Chlorosarcinopsis) (Ortega-Calvo et al, 1994); in biogenic blackcrust: cyanobacteria (Gloeocapsa, Nostoc flagelliforme, Chloroglea microcystoides, Scytomena, Oscillatoria), black lichens (Verrucaria), and black fungi (Ulocladium, Phoma, Alternaria), meristematic fungi (Aureobasidium, Sarcinomyces petricola). Ecology: in drier and occasionally wetted habitats and exposed to sunlight, in urban and rural environments.…”

Section: B4 Crustsmentioning

confidence: 87%