Decellularization and Recellularization Technologies in Tissue Engineering

Abstract

Decellularization is the process by which cells are discharged from tissues/organs, but all of the essential cues for cell preservation and homeostasis are retained in a three-dimensional structure of the organ and its extracellular matrix components. During tissue decellularization, maintenance of the native ultrastructure and composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is extremely acceptable. For recellularization, the scaffold/matrix is seeded with cells, the final goal being to form a practical organ. In this review, we focus on the biological properties of the ECM that remains when a variety of decellularization methods are used, comparing recellularization technologies, including bioreactor expansion for perfusion-based bioartificial organs, and we discuss cell sources. In the future, decellularization-recellularization procedures may solve the problem of organ assembly on demand.

Decellularized human placenta chorion matrix as a favorable source of small-diameter vascular grafts

“…Recently, the decellularization of donor organs such as heart, jejunum, bladder, or liver has been shown to provide acellular scaffold matrix that can be seeded with appropriate cell types and support their respective specific cell functions [53][54][55][56][57]. Here we show biocompatibility of the decellularized vessel grafts by recellularization of the matrix with primary human endothelial cells.…”

Experimental approaches to vascularisation within tissue engineering constructs

“…However, chemical agents may cause some disruption of the ultrastructure of ECM as well as damage of collagen, GAGs, and growth factors. [77,78] Biologic agents, such as nucleases, trypsin, or dispase, are basically enzymes that work by catalyzing the hydrolysis of RNA and DNA chains or cleaving peptide bonds. The use of biologic agents can also result in complications, for example, it can cause an immune response, can disrupt ECM ultrastructure, or can remove collagen, laminin, fibronectin, elastin, and GAGs after prolonged exposure.…”

Optimization of Canine Placenta Decellularization: An Alternative Source of Biological Scaffolds for Regenerative Medicine

“…The chosen chemical agent, i.e., SDS, is an anionic detergent that removes cells by disrupting the proteinprotein interaction, including dissociation of ECM protein [Crapo et al, 2011;Faulk et al, 2014;Hussein et al, 2016]. However, the SDS concentrations used were efficient, maintaining the structure of the tissue, as discussed by other authors for the production of biological scaffolds [Faulk et al, 2014;Fu et al, 2014].…”