Decellularized Extracellular Matrix Materials for Cardiac Repair and Regeneration

Abstract

Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) is a promising biomaterial for repairing cardiovascular tissue, as dECM most effectively captures the complex array of proteins, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and many other matrix components that are found in native tissue, providing ideal cues for regeneration and repair of damaged myocardium. dECM can be used in a variety of forms, such as solid scaffolds that maintain native matrix structure, or as soluble materials that can form injectable hydrogels for tissue repair. dECM has found recent success in many regeneration and repair therapies, such as for musculoskeletal, neural, and liver tissues. This review focuses on dECM in the context of cardiovascular applications, with variations in tissue and species sourcing, and specifically discusses advances in solid and soluble dECM development, in vitro studies, in vivo implementation, and clinical translation.

Proteins and Peptides as Important Modifiers of the Polymer Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering Applications—A Review

“…Decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) is a promising biomaterial for tissue engineering applications, because it retains properties of natural tissues or organs, such as composition, architecture, and integrity, as well as biochemical and biological activities [9,102]. Similar to native ECM, dECM consists of heterogeneous mixture of proteins (i.e., collagen, laminins, fibronectin, and GFs), PGs, and GAGs, and thus it constitutes a proper template for cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation [103,104]. Nevertheless, the dECM is deprived of cellular components, which decreases an inflammatory response in the host organism [9,105].…”

“…It mainly involves chemical and enzymatic lysis of cells and then vascular perfusion in order to remove cell debris. In contrast to physical methods, this procedure seems to be more favorable, because it minimizes the ECM damage [104][105][106]. To date, dECM from heart, lungs, kidneys, urethra, trachea, bones, cartilage, and bladders has been obtained [9,103,[105][106][107][108].…”

Application of injectable hydrogels for cardiac stem cell therapy and tissue engineering

“…When administrated intramyocardially to post-MI rats, zECM promoted the endogenous proliferation of murine cardiac stem cells. Even though dECM shows immense promise in CTE, better protocols are needed for complete cell removal from the dECM without the change in its structural integrity and composition (Bejleri and Davis, 2019;Gilpin and Yang, 2017). The current research focuses on addressing these limitations to employ dECM as a clinically relevant biomaterial for myocardial regeneration.…”

Sequential adaptation of perfusion and transport conditions significantly improves vascular construct recellularization and biomechanics

“…These cells are at the interface between the mother and the child and, as such, have increased immunocompatibility, can be easily harvested, matched to the patient and, more interestingly, are already differentiated in the cell type needed (M. C. Moore, Van De Walle, Chang, Juran, & McFetridge, ). For the scaffold choice, among the various possible approaches, ex vivo ‐ derived materials such as decellularized vessels have the structural and mechanical advantage of being composed of a native extracellular matrix (ECM) and possess bioactive molecules that aid tissue homeostasis and regeneration (Bejleri & Davis, ; Chen & Liu, ; M. C. Moore et al, ). Indeed, positive cell interactions with a structurally appropriate ECM aid and guide the regenerative response (Dahan et al, ; Uzarski, Van De Walle, & McFetridge, ; Xu et al, ).…”