Decentralized and Self-Sovereign Identity in the Era of Blockchain: A Survey

Bai, Yirui; Lei, Hong; Li, Suozai; Gao, Haoyu; Li, Jun; Li, Leixiao

doi:10.1109/blockchain55522.2022.00077

Cited by 19 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…They classified surveyed papers and discussed the practical problems introduced and solved in these papers. Bai et al [9] reviewed works that use distributed ledgers to implement SSI. Based on their analysis and comparison of various blockchain-based SSI implementation schemes, they summarized the development difficulties and pointed out future development directions.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Taxonomy of Challenges for Self-Sovereign Identity Systems

Satybaldy,

Ferdous,

Nowostawski

2024

IEEE Access

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Creating and utilizing digital identities are fundamental steps towards accessing online services. In order to facilitate the management of user identities, the concept of identity management has been introduced. Various systems and protocols have been developed to manage online identities. However, these systems are provider-centric, focusing on aiding providers in managing their user bases. As a result, users often have limited control over their identity data and remain unaware of how centralized identity providers use or potentially misuse their data. Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) has emerged as a new paradigm in the digital identity management landscape, aiming to empower users by allowing them greater control over their identity data. Although SSI is a relatively new domain, there have been numerous efforts, primarily from the industry, to introduce SSI standards, protocols, and systems, with multiple options in each category. Researchers eager to contribute to the SSI domain might find it challenging to understand the interconnections among these components. Notably, the SSI domain faces several challenges, as highlighted in various research works. These challenges must be addressed before SSI can achieve widespread adoption. This article presents a comprehensive systematic literature review of SSI, offers a detailed taxonomy, and identifies and analyzes the open challenges in SSI.INDEX TERMS self-sovereign identity, digital identity, taxonomy

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Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, a trust framework is needed to legally ensure that organizations follow specific processes or are registered in recognized public registers. The promotion of SSI relies on the recognition of the legal value of elements such as blockchain networks, DIDs, VCs, and digital wallets [180].…”

Section: ) Legal Challengesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Taxonomy of Challenges for Self-Sovereign Identity Systems

Satybaldy,

Ferdous,

Nowostawski

2024

IEEE Access

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“…DID, gaining attention in recent years, is a method for managing and protecting digital identity in a decentralized manner [51], [52]. It employs a unique identifier to create a verifiable, reliable, and tamper-proof digital identity, which is independent of control by any central authority.…”

Section: Decentralized Identifiers (Did)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain-Enabled Federated Learning: A Reference Architecture Design, Implementation, and Verification

Goh,

Kim,

Lee

et al. 2023

IEEE Access

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This paper presents a novel reference architecture for blockchain-enabled federated learning (BCFL), a state-of-the-art approach that amalgamates the strengths of federated learning and blockchain technology. We define smart contract functions, stakeholders and their roles, and the use of interplanetary file system (IPFS) as key components of BCFL and conduct a comprehensive analysis. In traditional centralized federated learning, the selection of local nodes and the collection of learning results for each round are merged under the control of a central server. In contrast, in BCFL, all these processes are monitored and managed via smart contracts. Additionally, we propose an extension architecture to support both crossdevice and cross-silo federated learning scenarios. Furthermore, we implement and verify the architecture in a practical real-world Ethereum development environment. Our BCFL reference architecture provides significant flexibility and extensibility, accommodating the integration of various additional elements, as per specific requirements and use cases, thereby rendering it an adaptable solution for a wide range of BCFL applications. As a prominent example of extensibility, decentralized identifiers (DIDs) have been employed as an authentication method to introduce practical utilization within BCFL. This study not only bridges a crucial gap between research and practical deployment but also lays a solid foundation for future explorations in the realm of BCFL. The pivotal contribution of this study is the successful implementation and verification of a realistic BCFL reference architecture. We intend to make the source code publicly accessible shortly, fostering further advancements and adaptations within the community.INDEX TERMS Blockchain, federated learning, blockchain-enabled federated learning (BCFL), reference architecture, Ethereum test network deployment, decentralized identifier (DID), client selection, client evaluation, smart contracts, data privacy and security.

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“…From an efficiency perspective, there could be much to gain when adopting the mentioned W3C standards and associated technologies to streamline administrative overhead as it becomes automated through cryptographic signature verification, and also fosters the move towards self-sovereign identity (Bai, 2022). By additionally adopting a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT), a temporal immutable history of events and attestations about credentials (DID documents) and actors (DIDs) can be persistently timestamped and proven without a trusted third party or central authority.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Academic and Skills Credentialing Using Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and W3C Standards: Technology Assessment

Mthethwa¹,

Pretorius²

2022

ICONIC

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The ongoing push for the 4th industrial revolution is setting the stage to digitise, persist and verify identity along with credentials. Academic and skills credentials are currently verified manually and have much scope for automation using cryptographic techniques but requires standardisation to facilitate future systems interoperability. The Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) Verifiable Credentials (VC) standards presents the possibility to achieve this credential verification automation. To accomplish this, an understanding of various DLTs and requirements for a viable skills tracking system is important. Therefore, this research aims to access the selected DLTs against the assessment criterion presented and an analysis has been completed to determine which DLT is suitable for the proposed system. The DLTs are assessed in terms of their ability to support the rapid prototyping of such a system and provide recommendations to guide a future development path from the perspective of standards compliance. We conclude that few DLTs possess the maturity to provide proper requirements coverage due to the emergent nature of the DLT space. Additionally, this paper presents the high-level requirements to achieve a minimally viable solution that can demonstrate such digital credential verification in the academic and skills tracking context.

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Decentralized and Self-Sovereign Identity in the Era of Blockchain: A Survey

Cited by 19 publications

References 14 publications

A Taxonomy of Challenges for Self-Sovereign Identity Systems

A Taxonomy of Challenges for Self-Sovereign Identity Systems

Blockchain-Enabled Federated Learning: A Reference Architecture Design, Implementation, and Verification

Academic and Skills Credentialing Using Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) and W3C Standards: Technology Assessment

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