“…Because this approach is lengthy and cannot include the control performance parameters directly, under the framework of linear quadratic optimal control, optimal preview controller design methods were presented for linear time-invariant discrete-time systems (Katayama et al ., 1985; Lu et al ., 2019; Lan et al ., 2020) and linear continuous-time systems (Liao et al ., 2018; Lu et al ., 2023). Considering the requirements of actual control systems, PC has been extended to complex systems, such as uncertain systems (Li et al ., 2021a; Gershon and Shaked, 2014; Li, 2021; Xie et al ., 2023), nonlinear systems (Huang and Huang, 2020; Yu and Liao, 2019; Li and Yu, 2021), multi-agent systems (Li et al ., 2021b; Liao et al ., 2016) and large-scale systems (Liao et al. , 2018; Li and Zhang, 2021).…”