Decentralized Vehicle-to-Grid Design for Frequency Regulation within Price-based Operation

Abstract

-The utilization of electric vehicles has been suggested to support the frequency regulation of power system. Assuming that an intermediate aggregator exists, this study suggests a decentralized vehicle-to-grid operation scheme in which each vehicle-to-grid aggregator can behave independently of the power system operator. To implement this type of decentralized operation, this study adopts a price-based operation that has been proposed by many researches as an alternative operation scheme for the power system. In this environment, each vehicle-to-grid aggregator can determine its participation in vehicle-to-grid service in consideration of its residual energy of aggregated system and real-time market price. Consequently, the main purpose of this study is to verify whether or not the vehicle-to-grid power can effectively support the current frequency regulation function within the price-based operation scheme. Specifically, a frequency regulation method is proposed based on the real-time price signal, and a feedback controller for battery management is designed for decentralized vehicle-to-grid operation.

Electric vehicles based electric power grid support: a review

“…Moreover, the mechanisms effectively set the proportional 597 importance between the control of SOC and the revenue [81]. A control structure of real-time was suggested to perform the V2G system into the price-based schedule to manage the system effectively [82]. The collector profits from the contracted capacity of the sale and allocated the advantages to each EV participating in the program by developing an incentive scheme to coordinate benefits between the network side and the consumer side at frequency regulation [82].…”

“…Even though voltage stability is a key problem in power system operations and planning due to the rising frequency or voltage disturbance occurrences, voltage stability associated with EV load integration is a very critical challenge in power system operation. The load parameters are the most important variables influencing voltage stability as shown in many searches [30], [82], [83]. However, few researches have studied the effect of EV loading on voltage stability in the system, considering the load of EV as a constant current load [84].…”

Stackelberg-Game-Based Demand Response for At-Home Electric Vehicle Charging

“…where μ c , E i , and δ i denote battery charging efficiency, the amount of electricity in kWh required for full charging for an EV 6 , and the maximum charging rate of customer i in kW, respectively. The charging period starts at S i and ends at F i .…”

“…In this paper, we focus on EV-like elastic demand appliances, and model other appliances simply as a certain base load. 6 To use a battery more efficiently, the operation range of the battery is limited to about 65%, i.e., from 20% to 85%, of the battery capacity [16]. where x i and w i , are the electricity consumption in kW and the weight of the customer i, respectively.…”

“…3 Despite this potential threat, both the grid and customers can benefit if EVs are viewed as distributed batteries. Although this is another active area in smart grid research [5], [6], it is beyond our scope. In this paper, we use EVs for charging only.…”