Decentralized Wastewater Systems in Bengaluru, India: Success or Failure?

Kuttuva, Pradeep; Lélé, Sharachchandra; Villalba, Gara

doi:10.1142/s2382624x16500430

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…10 Third, Bengaluru and later Coimbatore implemented metering and rising slab-rate water pricing fairly early on. Fourth, in Bengaluru, regulators made attempts to enforce water reuse in large apartment complexes, albeit with very limited success (Kuttuva, Lele, & Mendez, 2016). Finally, individuals responded by drilling borewells where they did not have access to adequate public supply.…”

Section: The Citymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Current policy responses have been in the form of tightening discharge standards, but these efforts are misplaced. Tightening norms in the absence of strong monitoring and enforcement is useless at best, and extreme tightening, such as unrealistic 'zero-discharge' rules for apartment complexes (Kuttuva et al, 2016) or industries, spurs rule evasion, corruption, and distrust of the regulator. These connections between stressors, responses, and salient outcomes for this geography are shown in Figure 9.…”

Section: Downstream Watershedmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Adapting to climate change in rapidly urbanizing river basins: insights from a multiple-concerns, multiple-stressors, and multi-level approach

Lélé

Srinivasan

Thomas

et al. 2018

Water International

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Much of the research on climate change adaptation in rapidly urbanizing developing regions focuses primarily on adaptation or resilience as the goal, assumes that climate change is the major stressor, and focuses on the household or the city as the unit of analysis. In this article, we use findings from two rapidly urbanizing sub-basins of the Cauvery River in southern India (the Arkavathy and Noyyal sub-basins) to argue for a broader analytic and policy framework that explicitly considers multiple normative concerns and stressors, and uses the entire watershed as the unit of analysis to address the climate-water interaction.

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Section: The Citymentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Downstream Watershedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adapting to climate change in rapidly urbanizing river basins: insights from a multiple-concerns, multiple-stressors, and multi-level approach

Lélé

Srinivasan

Thomas

et al. 2018

Water International

Self Cite

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“…Bangalore (India) has installed over 2000 decentralised wastewater treatment systems at individual/residential complexes under the 'Zero Liquid Discharge' programme. However, only 200 of these plants are reportedly functioning because of high operational and maintenance cost (Kuttuva et al, 2016). The treated water from these plants is used for toilet flushing and urban irrigation.…”

Section: Decentralised Non-potable Reuse (Npr) -'Case 4'mentioning

confidence: 99%

How scale and technology influence the energy intensity of water recycling systems-An analytical review

Paul

Kenway

Mukheibir

2019

Journal of Cleaner Production

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Many cities are moving towards increased use of recycled water to meet water demand due to freshwater scarcity, population growth, urbanisation and climate change. Water recycling requires substantial energy. Water utilities are facing serious challenges providing cost-effective and reliable water services under rising energy cost. Energy is further linked with global climate change through carbon intensive Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) emissions. However, few studies have attempted to understand the energy use of water recycling systems and how energy intensity of those systems varies with scale and technology. In this paper, we undertook a comprehensive and systematic literature and data review to understand the energy intensity of water recycling systems. We used four "cases": (1) Centralised Potable (2) Centralised Non-Potable, (3) Decentralised Potable and (4) Decentralised Non-Potable systems to structure our work. Our analysis demonstrates how energy intensity of water recycling systems decreases with increasing size for a wide range of scale and for different treatment technologies. The treatment energy intensity for centralised systems having capacity less than 5 MLD varies from 0.48 to 2.0 kWh/kL for non-potable and 0.75 to 2.0 kWh/k for potable; for capacities between 5 and 200 MLD varies from 0.2 to 0.9 kWh/kL for potable and from 0.25 to 0.75 kWh/ kL for non-potable; and for any capacity greater than 200 MLD, the treatment energy intensity is less than 0.8 kWh/kL for potable and 0.55 kWh/kL for non-potable systems. But current centralised water recycling systems have a treatment energy intensity from 0.65 to 1.4 kWh/kL for Potable for capacity from 21 to 378 MLD and from 0.6 to 1.0 kWh/kL for non-potable systems for 6 to 350 MLD. In the case of decentralised systems, smaller systems consume higher energy than centralised systems but larger decentralised Systems (mid-size) have lower energy intensity. Though the treatment energy intensity of a centralised system is low, the reuse of treated water for non-potable water requires a dual pipe system which involves a good amount of pumping energy due to the long distance between the treatment plant and the users. Pumping energy, in this case, can vary from 0.19 to 1.43 kWh/kL. The selected treatment technology and train have also influence on the energy use. The present trend of water recycling is to produce high-quality recycled water for all non-potable reuse using Advanced Water Treatment but all non-potable water uses do not necessarily require such high quality water. Little attention has been given to introducing 'fit for purpose' water reuse using appropriate technologies and larger decentralised water recycling systems that have the potential to reduce energy intensity for cost-effective urban water services.

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“…Klinger et al (2020) estimated that more than 20,000 smallscale wastewater treatment plants (SSTPs), mostly privately funded, were implemented in India following a policy drive for decentralized sanitation systems, aiming to address fast urban growth, an increasing water scarcity, and the need for more water reuse (MoEF, 2006). In Bengaluru, SSS has an installed capacity to treat an estimated 10-20% of the city's sewage (Kuttuva et al, 2018;Srinavas, 2018). This quick and unprecedented scaling up process of SSS in large buildings has not been thoroughly studied, and lessons learnt are scarce.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Governance Arrangements for the Scaling Up of Small-Scale Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Systems – Lessons From India

Reymond

Chandragiri

Ulrich

2020

Front. Environ. Sci.

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Decentralized Wastewater Systems in Bengaluru, India: Success or Failure?

Cited by 19 publications

References 18 publications

Adapting to climate change in rapidly urbanizing river basins: insights from a multiple-concerns, multiple-stressors, and multi-level approach

Adapting to climate change in rapidly urbanizing river basins: insights from a multiple-concerns, multiple-stressors, and multi-level approach

How scale and technology influence the energy intensity of water recycling systems-An analytical review

Governance Arrangements for the Scaling Up of Small-Scale Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Systems – Lessons From India

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