Deciphering key proteins of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) fruit mesocarp development by proteomics and chemometrics

Abstract

Palm oil is an edible vegetable oil derived from lipid‐rich fleshy mesocarp tissue of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) fruit and is of global economic and nutritional relevance. While the understanding of oil biosynthesis in plants is improving, the fundamentals of oil biosynthesis in oil palm still require further investigations. To gain insight into the systemic mechanisms that govern oil synthesis during oil palm fruit ripening, the proteomics approach combining gel‐based electrophoresis and mass spectrometry was used to profile protein changes and classify the patterns of protein accumulation during these complex physiological processes. Protein profiles from different stages of fruit ripening at 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18 and 20 weeks after anthesis (WAA) were analysed by two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE). The proteome data were then visualised using a multivariate statistical analysis of principal component analysis (PCA) to get an overview of the proteome changes during the development of oil palm mesocarp. A total of 68 differentially expressed protein spots were successfully identified by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation‐time of flight (MALDI‐TOF/TOF) and functionally classified using ontology analysis. Proteins related to lipid production, energy, secondary metabolites and amino acid metabolism are the most significantly changed proteins during fruit development representing potential candidates for oil yield improvement endeavors. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD009579. This study provides important proteome information for protein regulation during oil palm fruit ripening and oil synthesis.

Omics Platform Technologies for Discovery and Understanding the Systems Biology of Oil Palm

“…yield, oil quality and disease resistance (Ramli et al, 2016). Several technical and review reports are available on appropriate strategies for the application of molecular characterisation using proteomics and metabolomics in oil palm to improve our understanding of these complex traits, which are likely to underpin future gains in crop productivity (Teh et al, 2017;Dzulkafli et al, 2019;Hassan et al, 2019;Lau et al, 2018;Rozali et al, 2017;Nurazah et al, 2017;Vargas et al, 2014;Neoh et al, 2013;Tahir et al, 2016;. Recent developments in high-throughput omics technologies have also accelerated the accumulation of huge amounts of omics data from multiple sources -genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome and metabolome, posing new challenges and opportunities for developing novel computational approaches customised for integrative analysis (Mirza et al, 2019).…”

“…This includes a combination of approaches, either gel-based or liquid chromatography (gel-free), with tandem mass spectrometry to optimally extract proteins by modifying existing methods described in literature. At present, proteomics technologies are being applied to identify potential biomarkers associated with oil production, fruit ripening, embryogenic lines and disease resistance (Hassan et al, 2019;Lau et al, 2018;Tan et al, 2016;Syahanim et al, 2013;Al-Obaidi et al, 2017). Looking beyond the proteome, advanced metabolomics technologies also include key elements, starting from sample extraction to profiling of targeted and non-targeted metabolites using multiple technologies, mainly LC and GC coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (Nurazah et al, 2017;Rozali et al, 2017;Tahir et al, 2016;.…”

“…Several studies which employed gel-based comparative proteomics, provided an overview of proteins that are abundant during oil palm fruit development, as well as insights into proteins that play a key role during fruit maturation. There has been much progress in technologies and chemometrics application that have revealed changes in proteins that accumulate during oil palm mesocarp development (Hassan et al, 2019).…”

Studi Termodinamika Transpor Ionik Natrium Klorida Dalam Air dan Campuran Tertentu

“…Oleh karena itu, energi ionisas i (82)(83)(84)(85)(86) pertamanya cukup rendah yaitu pada 495,8 kj/mol. Sebaliknya, energi (87)(88)(89)(90)(91) ionisasi (92)(93)(94)(95)(96)(97)(98)(99)(100)(101) kedua sangat tinggi (4562 kj/mol), karna elektron pada kulit L lebih dekat ke ini atom. Akibatnya, natrium membentuk senyawa ionik (48) dengan bermuatan Na + .…”

Studi Termodinamika Transpor Ionik Natrium Klorida Dalam Air dan Campuran Tertentu

“…Oleh karena itu, energi ionisas i (82)(83)(84)(85)(86) pertamanya cukup rendah yaitu pada 495,8 kj/mol. Sebaliknya, energi (87)(88)(89)(90)(91) ionisasi (92)(93)(94)(95)(96)(97)(98)(99)(100)(101) kedua sangat tinggi (4562 kj/mol), karna elektron pada kulit L lebih dekat ke ini atom. Akibatnya, natrium membentuk senyawa ionik (48) dengan bermuatan Na + .…”