Decision by sampling

Stewart, Neil; Chater, Nick; Brown, Gordon D.

doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2005.10.003

Cited by 668 publications

(809 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…A large body of recent work suggests, in line with recent models of judgment (Stewart et al, 2006;Vlaev et al, 2011), that people are influenced by their perception of their rank relative to others, not by their perception of how they differ from the average. This effect has been demonstrated across a variety of health domains, including alcohol consumption Melrose et al, 2013;.…”

mentioning

confidence: 85%

Improving social norms interventions: Rank-framing increases excessive alcohol drinkers’ information-seeking.

Taylor¹,

Vlaev²,

Maltby³

et al. 2015

Health Psychology

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Objective: Two types of social norm message frame for encouraging seeking of alcoholrelated health information by excessive drinkers were compared: (a) how much the average person actually drinks, and (b) how their drinking ranks amongst others. It was hypothesized, in accordance with recent evidence of how the brain represents value, that frame (b) would be more effective than frame (a). This is the first test comparing these frames in any domain of social norms research.Methods: United Kingdom university students with excessive alcohol intake (n = 101, 66 female) were sent four weekly messages containing one of four types of information depending upon the experimental condition to which each participant was randomly allocated: (1) Official alcohol consumption guidelines; (2) how their alcohol consumption compared to official guidelines; (3) how their consumption compared to the sample mean; or (4) how their consumption ranked amongst the sample. They then had the opportunity to request up to 3 types of alcohol-related health information.Results: Participants informed of how their consumption ranked were more likely to request information (p < .01, OR = 6.0) and tended to request a greater number of types of information (p < .01, Wald = 7.17) than those in other conditions. Conclusions:Informing excessive drinkers of how their alcohol consumption ranked was more effective in eliciting their seeking of alcohol-related health information than informing them of how their consumption compared to the mean. Research investigating the effectiveness of this message frame in social norms interventions more generally is needed.

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mentioning

confidence: 85%

Improving social norms interventions: Rank-framing increases excessive alcohol drinkers’ information-seeking.

Taylor¹,

Vlaev²,

Maltby³

et al. 2015

Health Psychology

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show abstract

“…The Yitzhaki Index (RD; Yitzhaki, 1979) and income rank (R; Brown, Gardner, Oswald, & Qian, 2008;Stewart, Chater, & Brown, 2006) within education group and region were calculated as the social psychology literature suggests individuals compare themselves to these groups (Goethals & Darley, 1977;Singer, 1981). In LISS, only education was used as a reference group since geographical data was not available.…”

Section: Allostatic Loadmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second motivation for the rank hypothesis was from cognitive science findings that people always judge relative magnitude based on rank position rather than any other specification (Stewart, Chater, & Brown, 2006). Judgements normally rely on heuristics, rules of thumb that balance cognitive processing cost with accuracy (Kahneman & Tversky, 1979, 2000.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does income relate to health due to psychosocial or material factors? Consistent support for the psychosocial hypothesis requires operationalization with income rank not the Yitzhaki Index

Hounkpatin

Wood

Dunn

2016

Social Science & Medicine

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Research on why income influences health has produced mixed findings. Many, but not all, studies suggest that the relationship between income and health is due to income indicating psychosocial position rather than the associated material benefits. The inconsistent findings may be partly due to the use of the Yitzhaki Index, a function which calculates the accumulated income shortfall for an individual relative to those with higher income, in order to represent the psychosocial position conferred by income. The current study tests whether an alternative specification - income rank - provides more consistent conclusions regarding the psychosocial effect of income on health. We used data from two nationally representative samples: 14,224 observations from 9,404 participants across three waves (2004, 2008, and 2012) of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) and 29,237 observations from 8,441 individuals across seven waves (2007-2013) of the Longitudinal Internet Studies for the Social Sciences (LISS). Multilevel regression models indicated that income rank was a stronger and more consistent predictor than both the Yitzhaki Index and actual income of self-rated and objective health. The psychosocial hypothesis is more consistently supported when income rank is used to test it

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“…This viewpoint is embodied in the ‗decision by sampling' theory [13,47,48] (Figure 1). In decision by sampling, attribute values are compared in a series of binary, ordinal comparisons.…”

Section: Type Iii: Comparison-based Decision Making Without Value Commentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The most recent type of comparative theories assumes that people make judgments and decisions 13 without consulting a utility scale based on the absolute magnitudes of stimuli (even for key ‗economic' variables such as time and probability) [13]. According to these models, ‗direct' comparison, rather than value, is fundamental to judgment and choice, which implies that absolute differences between attribute levels often do not matter and different processing rules may apply to compare objective values (e.g., numbers) directly.…”

Section: Type Iii: Comparison-based Decision Making Without Value Commentioning

confidence: 99%

Does the brain calculate value?

Vlaev

Chater

Stewart

et al. 2011

Trends in Cognitive Sciences

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Decision by sampling

Cited by 668 publications

References 72 publications

Improving social norms interventions: Rank-framing increases excessive alcohol drinkers’ information-seeking.

Improving social norms interventions: Rank-framing increases excessive alcohol drinkers’ information-seeking.

Does income relate to health due to psychosocial or material factors? Consistent support for the psychosocial hypothesis requires operationalization with income rank not the Yitzhaki Index

Does the brain calculate value?

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