“…Even more discouraging regarding students' experiences with passive learning in social studies is that social studies scholars strongly advocate for engaged and culturally responsive teaching practices (Choi et al, 2011) through the use of decisionmaking (Engle, 1960;Ochoa-Becker, 1999), historical thinking (Levstik & Barton, 2011;Salinas, Franquiz, & Guberman, 2010;Waring & Robinson, 2010), technology and film (Heafner, 2004;Mason et al, 2000;Russell, 2012), and controversial issues discussions (Hess, 2009).…”