Decision‐making Scheme for the Environmental Risk Assessment of Plant Protection Products

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2338.1994.tb01051.x

EPPO Bulletin

1994

DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2338.1994.tb01051.x

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Decision‐making Scheme for the Environmental Risk Assessment of Plant Protection Products

Abstract: Go to 4 4. Obtain information on the toxicity of the active ingredient to surrogate mammals and birds, including data from the human health assessment. The test results should generally cover (see Note 2): -acute oral LD50 and NOEC from chronic feeding studies on rats; -acute oral LDSO for two bird species, and dietary toxicity for one bird; -additional data on irritancy, reproductive toxicity, etc., if available.Environmental f a t eQuestions 5-1 1 deal with the distribution and persistence of the active ingr… Show more

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Cited by 11 publications

References 17 publications

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Toxicity and pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (Deuteromycotina, Hyphomycetes) and fipronil to the fringe‐toed lizard Acanthodactylus dumerili (Squamata: Lacertidae)

Peveling

Demba

2003

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Reptiles in arid and semiarid zones are frequently exposed to insecticides sprayed to control locusts and grasshoppers. We evaluated the toxicity and pathogenicity of new biological and chemical control agents to the fringe-toed lizard Acanthodactylus dumerili in Mauritania, West Africa. A mycoinsecticide based on spores of the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (isolate IMI 330189, Green Muscle) was tested at high challenge concentrations, using three exposure routes. Thirty-minute inhalation exposure to 3.9 x 10(8) viable conidia/L had no adverse effect. Locomotor activity, feeding activity, food consumption, body weight, and liver-to-body weight ratio were similar among treatments. Gross necropsy revealed no pulmonary lesions, hyphal mats, clumps of spores, or other abnormalities associated with fungal infections. Oral exposure to an oil-miscible flowable concentrate administered at approximately 10(7) viable conidia/g body weight had no effect on locomotor activity, food consumption, and body weight of survivors. However, two of the treated lizards died within one week of exposure. Feeding activity (sexes pooled) and relative liver mass of female survivors were significantly reduced. This was also observed in lizards treated with deactivated (nonviable) conidia, indicating an inherent toxicity of the formulation. Limited necropsy examination at four weeks posttreatment revealed that one lizard treated with viable spores had developed a pulmonary mycetoma that contained a clump of viable spores and fungal mycelium. The toxicity of mycotoxins was tested by feeding mycosed nymphs of desert locust Schistocerca gregaria to lizards. An average consumption of 231 mg (females) or 260 mg (males) nymphs/g body weight showed no adverse effect for any of the endpoints. No risk due to the pathogen is anticipated at recommended field application rates. The second agent tested was fipronil (Adonis), a phenylpyrazole insecticide. A single dose of 30 microg fipronil/g body weight was administered via contaminated prey or stomach instillation. The percentage of dead or moribund lizards at four weeks posttreatment was 62.5% in animals fed contaminated prey and 42.0% in gavaged animals. In both tests, survivors showed significantly reduced feeding activity, food consumption, body weight, and organ-to-body-weight ratios (liver and/or fat body). The high toxicity of fipronil to lizards was not previously known, suggesting that follow-up studies (e.g., subacute dietary tests) are needed to provide adequate data for risk assessment.

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Toxicity and pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (Deuteromycotina, Hyphomycetes) and fipronil to the fringe‐toed lizard Acanthodactylus dumerili (Squamata: Lacertidae)

Peveling

Demba

2003

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Focal species of birds in European crops for higher tier pesticide risk assessment

Dietzen¹,

Edwards

Wolf

et al. 2014

Integr Environ Assess Manag

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Focal species have been defined by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) as real species that represent others in a crop resulting from their potential higher level of exposure to pesticides. As such they are the most appropriate species for refining estimates of exposure further, through, for example, radio tracking and dietary studies. Plant protection product manufacturers collectively commissioned many studies in Europe, according to the EFSA guidelines, to identify focal species in different crops that may be used in risk assessments for spray applications of pesticides. Using frequency of occurrence in crops and risk-based criteria for exposure, all studies have been reviewed to identify if possible at least 1 focal species per feeding guild, per crop in the new registration zones for southern and central Europe. Some focal species repeatedly appeared across a wide range of arable or tree crops but not both, demonstrating broad adaptation to these 2 different crop structures. Many have widespread distributions, for example, 15 of the focal species have a distribution covering all agricultural regions of Europe (northern, central, and southern zones). Three species, corn bunting, serin, and tree sparrow, are restricted to the central and southern zones, whereas another 4 species, Sardinian and fan-tailed warbler, and crested and short-toed lark, are essentially restricted to the southern zone. The authors consider the focal species identified as suitable for risk assessment in Europe at the zonal level and for further refinement of exposure through studies, such as radio tracking or diet analysis, if necessary.

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Rating Systems for Pesticide Risk Classification on Different Ecosystems

Finizio

Calliera

Vighi

2001

Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety

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Decision‐making Scheme for the Environmental Risk Assessment of Plant Protection Products

Cited by 11 publications

References 17 publications

Toxicity and pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (Deuteromycotina, Hyphomycetes) and fipronil to the fringe‐toed lizard Acanthodactylus dumerili (Squamata: Lacertidae)

Toxicity and pathogenicity of Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum (Deuteromycotina, Hyphomycetes) and fipronil to the fringe‐toed lizard Acanthodactylus dumerili (Squamata: Lacertidae)

Focal species of birds in European crops for higher tier pesticide risk assessment

Rating Systems for Pesticide Risk Classification on Different Ecosystems

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