“…Furthermore, many authors have argued strongly for more holistic and integrated approaches to QM Dalrymple, 2002, 2005;D'Andrea and Gosling, 2005;Kleijnen et al, 2014), although empirical studies from a range of countries and institutions have suggested that many QM systems, at least in earlier years, tended to be characterised by having a more managerial and an employment-oriented focus (Harvey, 1995(Harvey, , 1998Barrow, 1999;Ottewill and Macfarlane, 2004;Brunetto and Farr-Wharton, 2005;Popli, 2005;Rosa et al, 2006;Law, 2010;Talib et al, 2011;Soria-García and Martínez-Lorente, 2014;Teeroovengadum et al, 2016). However, in more recent overviews of the QM literature, Manatos et al (2017) and Mora et al (2017) have argued that QM systems seem to move towards becoming more integrated in the general governance of higher education institutions, and that there is a trend towards more comprehensive QM systemsat least according to what is reported in international journals (see also Sarrico, 2010). Still, as Manatos et al (2017) note, a problem with much of the current literature is that it is often quite theoretical, focussing more on the normative designthat is, formal ambitions and objectivesthan on the actual functioning of existing QM systems in practice, and the involvement of different actors in these practices.…”