Decision model to identify the optimum retaining wall type for restricted highway projects sites

Selecting the Safety and Cost Optimized Geo-Stabilization Technique for Soft Clay Slopes

“…Figure 2 graphically presents the research methodology. The relative weights of each one of the previous factors are reasonably assumed based on previous studies [28,29] and considering the current market condition in a developed country such as Nigeria as shown in Table 4. Also, the used unit prices to calculate the cost of each alternative were the average current prices in the Nigerian market as listed in Table 5.…”

“…Constructability means how easy to construct, it includes the required skilled labor, availability of required equipment, site conditions, etc. based on that, reducing the slope got the highest rank (1) because it requires unskilled labor, conventional earthwork equipment [28,29]. Jet grouting comes next with rank of (2) where it requires unskilled labor and specialized grouting machines.…”

“…Reliability is the inverse of probability of failure. It means how much trust that the alternative will be fully functional under any conditions [28,29]. From this point reducing the slope will be the same after construction under any condition, while the jet grout may be slightly affected by the ground water and chemical attack, finally dewatering is the less reliable alternative due to its mechanical parts which need periodic maintenance and replacement besides that, it required a lot of energy to operate the pumps continually which increase its unreliability.…”

“…From this point reducing the slope will be the same after construction under any condition, while the jet grout may be slightly affected by the ground water and chemical attack, finally dewatering is the less reliable alternative due to its mechanical parts which need periodic maintenance and replacement besides that, it required a lot of energy to operate the pumps continually which increase its unreliability. Hence the three alternatives have the same ranking as constructability [28,29]. Finally, the environmental impact was assessed based on used contaminating materials [28,29].…”

“…Hence the three alternatives have the same ranking as constructability [28,29]. Finally, the environmental impact was assessed based on used contaminating materials [28,29]. In this context, reducing the slope has almost no effect on the environment, while jet grouting has very negative impact due to contaminating the soil with grouted materials, and finally dewatering has a slight impact on the planets due to lowering the water level which may compromised by rainfalls.…”