“…For sustainable MSWM strategies, the critical management factors to be considered include not only economic efficiency of MSW treatment but also its life-cycle assessment (LCA) of environmental impact. Some of the past studies have focused on mathematical programming (MP) techniques to be applied in the MSWM system, such as linear programming (LP) to achieve least-cost strategies with suitable constraint sets (Abou Najm and El-Fadel, 2004;Chang and Chang, 1998;Harrison et al, 2001;Lin et al, 2006;Wang et al, 2008), and mixed integer linear programming (MILP) to assess a feasible location and the capacity of new facilities in least-cost MSWM problems (Badran and El-Haggar, 2006;Chang and Lin, 1997;Chang et al, 2005;Xanthopoulos and Iakovou, 2009). Other programming techniques such as intervalparameter programming (Huang et al, 1992;Liu et al, 2009;Maqsood et al, 2004;Sun and Huang, 2010;Xu et al, 2009), probabilistic programming (Liu et al, 2009), fuzzy programming (Liu et al, 2009;Sun and Huang, 2010;Wang et al, 2011), stochastic programming (Wang et al, 2011;Xu et al, 2009), and quadratic programming have also been integrated into LP or MILP to obtain optimal strategies of MSWM whose parameters encounter uncertainties.…”