Decline in energy storage in the Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) in the Southern Ocean

Konishi, Kenji; Tamura, Tsutomu; Zenitani, Ryoko; Bando, T.; Kato, Hirotaka; Walløe, Lars

doi:10.1007/s00300-008-0491-3

Cited by 42 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…This change is hypothesized to occur during brief migrations to subtropical latitudes, where turnover of the outer skin layer takes place with a reduced thermal cost (Durban & Pitman, ). If this hypothesis is correct, diatom abundance should be correlated with skin age and coloration (Durban & Pitman, ; Hart, ; Konishi et al., ). Interindividual variation in microbiome profiles within the Antarctic ecotypes could therefore reflect variation in the age of the outer skin layer.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host‐derived population genomics data provides insights into bacterial and diatom composition of the killer whale skin

et al. 2018

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Recent exploration into the interactions and relationship between hosts and their microbiota has revealed a connection between many aspects of the host's biology, health and associated micro-organisms. Whereas amplicon sequencing has traditionally been used to characterize the microbiome, the increasing number of published population genomics data sets offers an underexploited opportunity to study microbial profiles from the host shotgun sequencing data. Here, we use sequence data originally generated from killer whale Orcinus orca skin biopsies for population genomics, to characterize the skin microbiome and investigate how host social and geographical factors influence the microbial community composition. Having identified 845 microbial taxa from 2.4 million reads that did not map to the killer whale reference genome, we found that both ecotypic and geographical factors influence community composition of killer whale skin microbiomes. Furthermore, we uncovered key taxa that drive the microbiome community composition and showed that they are embedded in unique networks, one of which is tentatively linked to diatom presence and poor skin condition. Community composition differed between Antarctic killer whales with and without diatom coverage, suggesting that the previously reported episodic migrations of Antarctic killer whales to warmer waters associated with skin turnover may control the effects of potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Tenacibaculum dicentrarchi. Our work demonstrates the feasibility of microbiome studies from host shotgun sequencing data and highlights the importance of metagenomics in understanding the relationship between host and microbial ecology.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Host‐derived population genomics data provides insights into bacterial and diatom composition of the killer whale skin

et al. 2018

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“…In a recent study, regression analyses clearly showed that blubber thickness, girth and fat weight have been de-creasing for nearly two decades using catch data from all 18 survey years in the JARPA (Konishi et al, 2008). This phenomenon shows that an increase in the abundance of other krill feeders than minke whales and a resulting decrease in the krill population must be considered as a likely explanation.…”

Section: Prey Consumption As An Input Parameter For Ecosystem Modelingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feeding Habits and Prey Consumption of Antarctic Minke Whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) in the Southern Ocean

Tamura¹,

Konishi²

2009

J. Northw. Atl. Fish. Sci.

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The Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) is the most abundant baleen whale species in the Southern Ocean. Quantitative information on prey consumption of whales is useful to understand their feeding ecology and role in the ecosystem. The purposes of this study are 1) to investigate the feeding habit of Antarctic minke whales based on information on prey species, freshness and diurnal change in stomach contents, and 2) to estimate the amount of prey consumed by whales. Estimates are made for whales of different sexual maturity classes as it is expected that the energy requirements vary among them. The analysis is based on the data from whales taken by JARPA (Japanese Whale Research Program under Special Permit in the Antarctic) in a longitudinal sector between 35º E and 145º W, and south of 60º S. Sampling was conducted in the austral summer seasons from 1987/1988 to 2004/2005, mainly in the months from December to March. Daily prey consumption by the whales in each sexual maturity class was estimated using energy-requirement and energy deposition. The whales feed mainly before 05:00 h, which suggest that they cease to feed early in the day. Daily prey consumptions were estimated to be 83.7-325.5 kg, equivalent to 2.7-4.0% of body weight. The mean prey consumptions per capita during feeding season were 7.5 and 16.4 t for immature and mature male, 12.5 and 39.1 t for immature and mature female, respectively. In Area IV (70°-130°E), total prey consumptions of krill by Antarctic minke whales in 1999/2000 and 2001/2002 seasons were estimated to be 0.9 and 1.1 million t, respectively. In Area V (130° E-170° W including the Ross Sea), these estimates in 2000/2001 and 2002/2003 seasons were 3.9 and 4.1 million t, respectively. The estimations of feeding impact on krill resources by Antarctic minke whales in Areas IV and V were from 2.7 to 3.2%, and from 18.2 to 18.9% of krill biomasses, respectively. These results on prey consumption are important input data for the development of ecosystem modeling in the Southern Ocean.

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“…However, it is unknown whether these areas accurately reflect where lunge feeding behavior occurs for whale species. Given Table 1 The depth threshold that various baleen whale species should swim below in order to avoid the impact of wave drag close to the surface Data on the girth of whale species were taken from [73] (Antarctic minke whales) and [74] (all other species). Diameter is calculated from girth by assuming a circular shape.…”

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confidence: 99%

A week in the life of a pygmy blue whale: migratory dive depth overlaps with large vessel drafts

Owen

Jenner

et al. 2016

Anim Biotelemetry

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Background:The use of multi-sensor tags is increasingly providing insights into the behavior of whales. However, due to limitations in tag attachment duration and the transmission bandwidth of the Argos system, little is known about fine-scale diving behavior over time or the reliability of assigning behavioral states based on horizontal movement data for whale species. How whales use the water column while migrating has not been closely examined, yet the strategy used is likely to influence the vulnerability of whales to ship strike. Here we present information from a rare week long multi-sensor tag deployment on a pygmy blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda) that provided a great opportunity to examine the fine-scale diving behavior of a migrating whale and to compare the occurrence of feeding lunges with assigned behavioral states. Results:The depth of migratory dives was highly consistent over time and unrelated to local bathymetry. The mean depth of migratory dives (~13 m when corrected for the tag position on the whale) was just below the threshold depth (12 m) that blue whales are predicted to travel below to remove the influence of wave drag at the surface. The whale spent 94 % of observed time and completed 99 % of observed migratory dives within the range of large container ship drafts (<24 m). Areas of high residence identified using the horizontal movement data (FastLoc GPS) did not reflect where lunge feeding occurred. Conclusions:The lack of correspondence between areas of high residence inferred from horizontal movement data and the locations where the whale performed feeding lunges highlights the need for further research to determine whether movement models can accurately detect whale feeding areas or only areas of prey searching. While migrating, the whale made dives to a depth that is likely to allow it to avoid wave drag and maximize horizontal movement. Although this strategy may reduce energy expenditure during migration, it also placed the whale at greater risk of ship strike for a much longer period than currently thought. If other whales have similar diving behavior to this animal during migration, many whale species may spend much longer periods than currently estimated within the parts of the water column where the risk of ship strike is high.

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Decline in energy storage in the Antarctic minke whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) in the Southern Ocean

Cited by 42 publications

References 28 publications

Host‐derived population genomics data provides insights into bacterial and diatom composition of the killer whale skin

Host‐derived population genomics data provides insights into bacterial and diatom composition of the killer whale skin

Feeding Habits and Prey Consumption of Antarctic Minke Whale (Balaenoptera bonaerensis) in the Southern Ocean

A week in the life of a pygmy blue whale: migratory dive depth overlaps with large vessel drafts

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