“…Various scholars (Chaka, Lephalala, and Ngesi 2017;Fomunyan 2017;Methula 2017;Sayed, Motala, and Hoffman 2017) agree that the term has various interpretations, as determined by the contextual use. Many scholars have associated it with transformation, Africanisation, and African intellectuals such as Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o, Julius Nyerere, Frantz Fanon, Thabo Mbeki, Catherine Odora Hoppers, and many others (Costandius et al 2018;Fomunyan 2017;Shava and Manyike 2018;Uzomah 2018). For example, former president Julius Nyerere advocated for the idea of "educating for self-reliance, self-confidence, independence, responsibility and democratic involvement" (Uzomah 2018 , 33).…”