Decomposing Intra-Subject Variability in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Martino, Adriana Di; Ghaffari, Manely; Curchack, Jocelyn T.; Reiss, Philip T.; Hyde, Christopher; Vannucci, Marina; Petkova, Eva; Klein, Donald F.; Castellanos, F. Xavier

doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.03.008

Cited by 132 publications

(196 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Castellanos et al (2005) showed that RT data obtained from an Eriksen flanker task oscillated at around 0.05 Hz (corresponding to a cycle every 20 seconds), and that the power of this oscillation was significantly higher in children with ADHD group than in controls. Recent research by the same group (Di Martino et al, 2008) as well as others (e.g. Johnson et al, 2007;Vaurio et al, 2009) have also found a predictable pattern of increased power in VLF RTV (<0.1 Hz) in children with ADHD.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Altered spontaneous low frequency brain activity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

et al. 2010

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Background: Resting brain activity appears altered in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The default mode interference hypothesis (Sonuga-Barke & Castellanos, 2007) postulates that patterns of spontaneous very low frequency brain activity, typical of the resting brain, cause attention lapses in ADHD when they remain unattenuated following the transition from rest to active task performance. Here we test this hypothesis using DC-EEG.Methods: DC-EEG recordings of very low frequency brain activity (<1.5 Hz) were compared for 16 male children with ADHD and 16 healthy controls during both rest and active task performance (two-choice reaction time task).Results: A previously identified very low frequency resting network of electrodes was replicated. At rest ADHD children showed less EEG power in very low frequency bands (i.e., .02-.2 Hz). They also showed less attenuation of power at these frequency bands during restto-task transition. Reduced attenuation was associated with a number of measures of performance.Discussion: We confirmed the existence of altered very low frequency brain activity in ADHD.ADHD children may have deficits both in maintaining a resting brain when needed and 'protecting' an active brain from the intrusion of resting state brain activity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 65%

Altered spontaneous low frequency brain activity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

et al. 2010

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“…Second, intraindividual variability in RTs has been linked to impairments of attention and executive function (e.g., attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD), such that more erratic responding is related to greater deficits (SonugaBarke & Castellanos, 2007;Stuss, Murphy, Binns, & Alexander, 2003;West, Murphy, Armilio, Craik, & Stuss, 2002). For example, even when overall speed is controlled, those with ADHD show more variable correct responses and more prominent RT fluctuations every 12-40 s (Castellanos, Sonuga-Barke, Milham, & Tannock, 2006;Di Martino et al, 2008;Vaurio, Simmonds, & Mostofsky, 2009). Important to the goals of the present study, previous work has yet to explore changes in within-subjects response variability as attention fluctuates over time (for one exception, see Faulkner, 1962).…”

Section: Rt Fluctuations and Attentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Each trial was assigned a value representing the normalized (z-score) absolute deviance of that trial's RT from the participant's mean RT on the task, and then values for error trials (CEs and OEs) and correct omissions (COs) were interpolated linearly-that is, by weighting the two neighboring baseline trial RTs (correct commissions; i.e., correct responses to a male face) directly before and after. After assigning each trial a deviance value, the VTC was smoothed using a Gaussian smoothing kernel of nine trials (7.2 s) full width at half maximum, integrating information from the surrounding 20 trials (approximately 24 s), on the basis of previous findings suggesting fluctuations on the order of 20 s (Di Martino et al, 2008).…”

Section: Behavioral Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…That is, in light of the limited existing data that speak to the time scale of attention fluctuations in healthy individuals, we chose our smoothing kernel of nine trials (7.2 s) on the basis of findings from the ADHD literature that suggest that individuals with ADHD have higher power in frequency bands corresponding to behavioral fluctuations on the order of every 20 s than do controls (Di Martino et al, 2008). Increased spectral power of oscillations in the same range has also been observed in hemodynamics and heart rate (Malliani, Pagani, Lombardi, & Cerutti, 1991;Pagani et al, 1997), which have been linked to arousal and attention.…”

Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sustaining visual attention in the face of distraction: a novel gradual-onset continuous performance task

Rosenberg

Noonan

DeGutis

et al. 2013

Atten Percept Psychophys

147

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Sustained attention is a fundamental aspect of human cognition and has been widely studied in applied and clinical contexts. Despite a growing understanding of how attention varies throughout task performance, moment-tomoment fluctuations are often difficult to assess. In order to better characterize fluctuations in sustained visual attention, in the present study we employed a novel continuous performance task (CPT), the gradual-onset CPT (gradCPT). In the gradCPT, a central face stimulus gradually transitions between individuals at a constant rate (1,200 ms), and participants are instructed to respond to each male face but not to a rare target female face. In the distractor-present version, the background distractors consist of scene images, and in the distractor-absent condition, of phase-scrambled scene images. The results confirmed that the gradCPT taxes sustained attention, as vigilance decrements were observed over the task's 12-min duration: Participants made more commission errors and showed increasingly variable response latencies (RTs) over time. Participants' attentional states also fluctuated from moment to moment, with periods of higher RT variability being associated with increased likelihood of errors and greater speedaccuracy trade-offs. In addition, task performance was related to self-reported mindfulness and the propensity for attention lapses in everyday life. The gradCPT is a useful tool for studying both low-and high-frequency fluctuations in sustained visual attention and is sensitive to individual differences in attentional ability.

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“…Following this innovation, others have used FTT analysis of RTs in studies of cognitive deficits of ADHD. For example, Di Martino et al (2008) used RTs from an Eriksen-Flanker task with a single 15 min block of trials, Vaurio et al (2009) used RTs from a Go-NoGO task, and Johnson et al (2008) used RTs from a sustained attention to response task (SART) that requires response to a fixed sequence of digits (1-9), except for the digit 3. In general, FFT analyses of these studies revealed that the ADHD group differed from the controls owing to an increase in power in the frequency band reflecting periodic cycles about every 10-20 s (as hypothesized by Castellanos) that increase variance of the RT distribution.…”

Section: Evaluation Of Rt Distributions By Ex-gaussian and Fast Fourimentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress

Swanson

Baler

Volkow

2010

Neuropsychopharmacol

216

165

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The use of stimulant drugs for the treatment of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most widespread pharmacological interventions in child psychiatry and behavioral pediatrics. This treatment is well grounded on controlled studies showing efficacy of low oral doses of methylphenidate and amphetamine in reducing the behavioral symptoms of the disorder as reported by parents and teachers, both for the cognitive (inattention and impulsivity) and noncognitive (hyperactivity) domains. Our main aim is to review the objectively measured cognitive effects that accompany the subjectively assessed clinical responses to stimulant medications. Recently, methods from the cognitive neurosciences have been used to provide information about brain processes that underlie the cognitive deficits of ADHD and the cognitive effects of stimulant medications. We will review some key findings from the recent literature, and then offer interpretations of the progress that has been made over the past decade in understanding the cognitive effects of stimulant medication on individuals with ADHD. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews (2011) 36, 207-226; doi:10.1038/npp.2010; published online 29 September 2010Keywords: methylphenidate; amphetamine; dopamine; prefrontal cortex; executive function; cognitive enhancement INTRODUCTIONCognitive deficits and behavioral symptoms associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been studied intensively and are well documented in the literature. Stimulant drugs (methylphenidate (MP) and amphetamine (AMP)) are particularly effective for the clinical treatment of ADHD, and accordingly, pediatricians and psychiatrists have been prescribing them for over seven decades (Bradley, 1937). Clear reductions in symptoms justify treatment with stimulant medications (MTA, 1999b), but the cognitive effects are less clear. Here, we will review the current understanding of some underlying neural processes that may account for the ADHD symptoms of inattention and impulsivity, and we will review evidence from neuropsychological and neuroimaging studies about how stimulant medications may affect these processes. To focus our review, we will not revisit related topics that are addressed elsewhere: the medical use of non-stimulant drugs to treat ADHD (Dopheide and Pliszka, 2009;Waxmonsky, 2005), the non-medical use of stimulants and non-stimulants for cognitive enhancement (Sahakian and Morein-Zamir, 2007;Stix, 2009), and nonmedical alternative treatments based on neurofeedback (Gevensleben et al, 2009) and working memory training (Klingberg et al, 2005) that have recently been evaluated and have gained some support in randomized clinical trials.In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) of the American Psychiatric Association, Version IV (APA, 1994(APA, , 2000, the cognitive symptoms of ADHD are grouped into two domains: inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity. Currently, nine are specified for inattention (poor attending to details, sustaining attention, lis...

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Decomposing Intra-Subject Variability in Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Cited by 132 publications

References 45 publications

Altered spontaneous low frequency brain activity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Altered spontaneous low frequency brain activity in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Sustaining visual attention in the face of distraction: a novel gradual-onset continuous performance task

Understanding the Effects of Stimulant Medications on Cognition in Individuals with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Decade of Progress

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