Decomposition of nitroguanidine

Kaplan, David L.; Cornell, J H; Kaplan, Arthur M.

doi:10.1021/es00102a012

Cited by 52 publications

(44 citation statements)

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“…Nitroguanidine is water soluble and may enter the environment via discharge streams from handling facilities (Kaplan et al 1982). In addition, it has been found at army ranges as a result of live-fire training (Clausen 2011).…”

Section: Other Energetic Compounds Nitroguanidinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, it has been found at army ranges as a result of live-fire training (Clausen 2011). Degradation of nitroguanidine was shown to be negligible in activated sludge under aerobic conditions and in sterile sludge under reducing conditions (Kaplan et al 1982). Nitrocellulose is a highly flammable compound formed by nitrating cellulose through exposure to nitric acid or another powerful nitrating agent.…”

Section: Other Energetic Compounds Nitroguanidinementioning

confidence: 99%

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Summary Review of the Aquatic Toxicology of Munitions Constituents

Lotufo¹,

Rosen²,

Wild³

et al. 2013

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Military munitions are present in waters around the world, including those waters located at current and former Department of Defense sites. This report provides a review of the aquatic ecotoxicology of munitions constituents (MC), including nitroaromatics (2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), dinitrotoluenes (DNTs), 1,3,5-trinitrobenzene (TNB), 2,4,6-trinitrophenylmethylnitramine (tetryl) and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (picric acid)); nitrate esters (nitrocellulose (NC), pentaerythritoltetranitrate (PETN), nitroglycerine (NG)); and nitramines (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX)). The major focus of this report is on the fate and effects of MC in the marine environment. Most MC observed in this study rapidly degraded in aqueous exposure systems and nitroaromatics showed a significant binding affinity with organic matter. To support the assessment of risk from MC in aquatic environments, laboratory-based toxicity data have been derived for a variety of aquatic species for both lethal and sublethal exposure endpoints using spiked water or sediment. Frequently, unrealistically high concentrations were used to derive toxicity benchmarks. In general, nitramines were less toxic than nitroaromatics, with a wide range of sensitivity among species. MC are weakly hydrophobic and bioaccumulative potential was low, as expected. High elimination rates for MC resulted in a virtually complete loss of body residue within hours to days following transfer to clean water. Uptake of TNT resulted in the substantial formation of bound residues. For fish, aqueous exposure was the dominant route of exposure to explosive compounds, with dietary uptake providing only minimal contribution. More realistic exposures using Composition B and multiple species found the presence of munitions in aquatic environments unlikely to result in biological effects. Verification of this conclusion should be pursued by determining site-specific exposure risk.

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Section: Other Energetic Compounds Nitroguanidinementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Other Energetic Compounds Nitroguanidinementioning

confidence: 99%

Summary Review of the Aquatic Toxicology of Munitions Constituents

Lotufo¹,

Rosen²,

Wild³

et al. 2013

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“…Kaplan et al studied NQ transformation in activated sludge and showed that it was transformed to nitrosoguanidine that further decomposed abiotically to cyanamide, cyanoguanidine, melamine, and guanidine under anaerobic conditions; 8 conversely, aerobic NQ biotransformation in the activated sludge was negligible. 8 NQ was biotransformed cometabolically to cyanamide in surface water samples under aerobic conditions. 4 It has also been reported that NQ is poorly degraded in soils by indigenous bacteria and that degradation rates are related to soil organic carbon content.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerobic Mineralization of Nitroguanidine by Variovorax Strain VC1 Isolated from Soil

Perreault

Halasz

Manno

et al. 2012

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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/npsi/ctrl?lang=en http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/ctrl?lang=fr Access and use of this website and the material on it are subject to the Terms and Conditions set forth at http://nparc.cisti-icist.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/npsi/jsp/nparc_cp.jsp?lang=en NRC Publications Archive Archives des publications du CNRCThis publication could be one of several versions: author's original, accepted manuscript or the publisher's version. / La version de cette publication peut être l'une des suivantes : la version prépublication de l'auteur, la version acceptée du manuscrit ou la version de l'éditeur. For the publisher's version, please access the DOI link below./ Pour consulter la version de l'éditeur, utilisez le lien DOI ci-dessous.http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es301047dEnvironmental Science & Technology, 46, 11, pp. 6035-6040, 2012-05-07 Aerobic mineralization of Nitroguanidine by Variovorax strain VC1 isolated from soil Perreault, Nancy N.; Halasz, Annamaria; Manno, Dominic; Thiboutot, Sonia; Ampleman, Guy; Hawari, Jalal ABSTRACT: Nitroguanidine (NQ) is an energetic material that is used as a key ingredient of triple-base propellants and is currently being considered as a TNT replacement in explosive formulations. NQ was efficiently degraded in aerobic microcosms when a carbon source was added. NQ persisted in unamended microcosms or under anaerobic conditions. An aerobic NQ-degrading bacterium, Variovorax strain VC1, was isolated from soil microcosms containing NQ as the sole nitrogen source. NQ degradation was inhibited in the presence of a more favorable source of nitrogen. Resting cells of VC1 degraded NQ effectively (54 μmol h −1 g −1 protein) giving NH 3 (50.0%), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) (48.5%) and CO 2 (100%). Disappearance of NQ was accompanied by the formation of a key intermediate product that we identified as nitrourea by comparison with a reference material. Nitrourea is unstable in water and suffered both biotic and abiotic decomposition to eventually give NH 3 ,N 2 O, and CO 2 . However, we were unable to detect urea. Based on products distribution and reaction stoichiometry, we suggested that degradation of NQ, O 2 NNC(NH 2 ) 2 , might involve initial enzymatic hydroxylation of the imine, CN bond, leading first to the formation of the unstable α-hydroxynitroamine intermediate, O 2 NNHC(OH)-(NH 2 ) 2 , whose decomposition in water should lead to the formation of NH 3 ,N 2 O, and CO 2 . NQ biodegradation was induced by nitroguanidine itself, L-arginine, and creatinine, all being iminic compounds containing a guanidine group. This first description of NQ mineralization by a bacterial isolate demonstrates the potential for efficient microbial remediation of NQ in soil.

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“…Low reactivity of NQ in soil observed in our experiments agrees with earlier studies by Haag et al (1990) and by Pennington et al (2004), who for similar soils also measured very small k d s (0.15-0.26 cm 3 g -1 ) and no degradation of nitroguanidine. However, in reduced environments, degradation of nitroguanidine has been reported (Kaplan et al 1982). …”

Section: Nitroguanidinementioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization and Fate of Gun and Rocket Propellant Residues on Testing and Training Ranges: Interim Report 2

Walsh¹,

Walsh²,

Hewitt³

et al. 2010

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Abstract:The objectives of the research described in this report are to characterize the deposition and accumulation of propellant residues at the various types of firing points at military firing ranges, develop process descriptors to allow estimation of environmental transport rates of individual energetic chemicals from these residues, and collect lysimeter and groundwater monitoring well samples to experimentally assess off-site transport of residues. Estimates of residue deposition are presented for the firing of 60-and 81-mm mortars and 105-mm howitzers. Experimental results are provided for propellant residue accumulation at antitank rocket, mortar, artillery, and small arms ranges at several installations. Results from soil column experiments on the transport of nitroglycerin, nitroguanidine, and diphenylamine also are presented with resulting transport property estimates. Also, an experiment to assess the deposition of ammonium perchlorate from Mk58 rocket motors is described.

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Decomposition of nitroguanidine

Cited by 52 publications

References 9 publications

Summary Review of the Aquatic Toxicology of Munitions Constituents

Summary Review of the Aquatic Toxicology of Munitions Constituents

Aerobic Mineralization of Nitroguanidine by Variovorax Strain VC1 Isolated from Soil

Characterization and Fate of Gun and Rocket Propellant Residues on Testing and Training Ranges: Interim Report 2

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