Decomposition of the systemic fungicide 1991 (Benlate)

Kilgore, Wendell W.; White, Earl R.

doi:10.1007/bf01545128

Cited by 52 publications

(16 citation statements)

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“…Benomyl rapidly reacts with water and the principal breakdown product, methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamic acid, is the active component of the fungicide [11]. Extraction of methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamic acid from soil samples (25 g) and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis (using ultraviolet/diode array detection) was done at an accredited laboratory following a method described by the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration [12].…”

Section: Chemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Assessment of Toxic Effects on Reproduction in the Earthworms Aporrectodea Longa and Aporrectodea Rosea

Holmstrup¹

2000

Environ Toxicol Chem

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Abstract-The aim of the present study was to estimate the in situ cocoon production in grassland of two earthworm species, Aporrectodea longa and A. rosea, in relation to application dose of Benomyl. The method used to estimate cocoon production was based on a detailed knowledge of the influence of temperature on development [R(T)] of earthworm cocoons, including the two species in this study. Soil temperature was measured throughout the study (May 5-June 6, 1997), and on June 6, the density of cocoons was estimated. The sampled cocoons were incubated in the laboratory and their hatching distribution was recorded. Based on R(T), the average development time in the field of cocoons produced on May 5 was predicted, and the hatched cocoons could thus be scored as either produced during the study period or before. This made it possible to estimate the density of cocoons produced during the study. The density of adults was also estimated by soil sampling during the study, and finally the reproductive rate could be calculated as density of cocoons divided by density of adults. In control plots, the reproduction of A. longa was estimated to be 2.5 Ϯ 0.7 (mean Ϯ SEM; n ϭ 4) viable cocoons/adult during the 32-d study. In plots treated with 0.5 and 1.0 kg Benomyl (active ingredient [AI])/ha, a 70% reduction of the reproductive rate was observed, but this was only statistically significant at the highest dose. In control plots, the reproductive rate of A. rosea was estimated to be 6.05 Ϯ 0.8 cocoons/adult during the study. Also in this species, there was a drastic decrease in reproduction, about 40% at both doses, due to Benomyl application. The results obtained in this field study were compared with results from laboratory reproduction tests with other earthworm species. There was good agreement between effects of Benomyl on reproduction in the laboratory and in the field. These results therefore suggest that standardized laboratory tests provide a reasonable prediction of the effect in the field.

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Section: Chemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Field Assessment of Toxic Effects on Reproduction in the Earthworms Aporrectodea Longa and Aporrectodea Rosea

Holmstrup¹

2000

Environ Toxicol Chem

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“…Benomyl also undergoes photolysis to produce MBC. 67 Another fungicide, thiophanate-methyl (l,2-bis(3-methoxycarbonyl-2-thioureido)benzene) also decomposes rapidly in the environment to form MBC. 62 ' 68 " 73 So MBC can also be regarded as an environmental chemical.…”

Section: Two Isom»r3mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanisms in sensitized photochemistry of environmental chemicals

Choudhry

Roof

Hutzinger

1979

Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry Reviews

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This review consists of three main parts. After a short discussion of the theory of photochemistry, the three major mechanisms (radiative, short range and long range) for the transfer of electronic excitation energy from sensitizers (donors) to substrates (acceptors) are described. Criteria for the selection of. sensitizers are a high efficiency of intersystem crossing (in the case of triplet sensitization) and energy transfer, and strong absorption at wavelengths longer than those at which the acceptor absorbs. Two mechanisms of sensitized photooxygenation, viz. the radical and singlet oxygen type, are discussed.The second part of this review deals with photosensitizers, with a strong emphasis on compounds of importance in environmental photochemistry on the one hand and those interesting from a mechanistic point of view on the other.The third part describes photo-inducers and their role in photoreactions. Additional literature references (to January 1978) are presented at the end of this review.

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“…Derivatives of these compounds are known for their antibacterial (7,14), trichomonacidal (1, 2), anthelnintic (3), fungicidal (5,6,13,15), and antiviral (4,8) activities. The success with these compounds stimulated the search for new biologically active derivatives.…”

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confidence: 99%

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of benzimidazole and benzoxazole derivatives

Elnima¹,

Zubair²,

Al-Badr³

1981

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of six benzimidazole and benzoxazole derivatives were tested against standard strains and 59 clinical isolates. Of the six compounds, only compounds II and III (both benzoxazoles) were active, whereas the rest were devoid of any activity. Considerable growth inhibition of all of the standard strains, including fungi and gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, resulted when they were treated with these compounds. Fifty-nine clinical isolates of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were tested for susceptibility to the two compounds. The most susceptible were the S. aureus isolates. The two compounds were of comparable activity against all of the isolates, with compound III showing a slightly higher activity than compound II. Their respective minimal inhibitory concentrations for 90% inhibition of S. aureus were 25 and 50 yg/ml. The gramnegative bacteria were resistant to the two compounds and required minimal inhibitory concentrations of 200 ,tg/ml for a similar degree of inhibition.

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Decomposition of the systemic fungicide 1991 (Benlate)

Cited by 52 publications

References 0 publications

Field Assessment of Toxic Effects on Reproduction in the Earthworms Aporrectodea Longa and Aporrectodea Rosea

Field Assessment of Toxic Effects on Reproduction in the Earthworms Aporrectodea Longa and Aporrectodea Rosea

Mechanisms in sensitized photochemistry of environmental chemicals

Antibacterial and antifungal activities of benzimidazole and benzoxazole derivatives

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