Background Adjacent segment disease (ASD) is a common complication after posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF). Recently, a topping-off surgery (non-fusion with Coflex) has been developed to reduce the risk of ASD, yet whether and how the topping-off surgery can relieve ASD remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to explore the biomechanical effect of PLIF and Coflex on the adjacent segments via finite element (FE) analysis and discuss the efficacy of Coflex in preventing ASD.Methods A FE model of L3-5 segments was generated from the CT of a healthy volunteer via three commercially available software. Coflex and PLIF devices were modeled and implanted with the segment model in the FE software. In the FE model, a pre-compressive load of 500 N, which was equal to two thirds of the human body mass, was applied to the top surface of the L3. In addition, four types of moments (anteflexion, rear protraction, bending and axial rotation) set as 10 Nm were successively applied to the FE model combined with this pre-compressive load. Then the range of motion (ROM), the torsional rigidity and the maximum von Mises equivalent stress on L3-L4 disc and the implant were analyzed.Results Both Coflex and PLIF reduced ROM. However, no significant difference was found in the maximum von Mises equivalent stress of adjacent segment disc between the two devices. Interestingly enough, both systems increased the torsional rigidity at the adjacent lumbar segment, and PLIF had a more significant increase. The Coflex implant had a larger maximum von Mises equivalent stress.Conclusions Both Coflex and PLIF reduced ROM at L3-L4, and thus improved the lumbar stability. Under the same load, both devices had almost the same maximum von Mises equivalent stress as the normal model on the adjacent intervertebral disc. But it is worthy to notice the torsional rigidity of PLIF was higher than that of Coflex. It indicated that the lumbar treated with PLIF would undertake a larger load to reach ROM of Coflex. Therefore, we presumed that ADS was related to higher torsional rigidity.