Deconstructing the root system of grasses through an exploration of development, anatomy and function

Viana, Willian G.; Scharwies, Johannes Daniel; Dinneny, José R.

doi:10.1111/pce.14270

Cited by 31 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 159 publications

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“…Hence deconstructing architectural changes into part-based processes is challenging and requires a fundamental understanding of how different parts of the root system develop and expand. The review by Dinneny and colleagues reminds us that the situation is further complicated in grasses, including major cereal crops such as rice and maize, because they feature an additional postembryonic nodal root system that emerges from basal regions of the shoot after germination (Goudinho Viana et al, 2022). Parts of this nodal system such as crown roots and brace roots often become the dominant determinants of the root architecture.…”

Section: From Root Parts To Root Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Root phenotypes for the future

Amtmann

Bennett

Henry

2022

Plant Cell & Environment

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Root phenotypes play profoundly important roles supporting plant growth and their adaptive responses to myriad environmental stresses. For example, architecture-scale traits such as root angle can have a major impact on foraging efficiency for immobile and mobile soil nutrients such as phosphate and nitrate, respectively (Schneider et al., 2022). Increasing evidence supports the importance of anatomical-scale traits, such as root hair length and xylem size, conferring abiotic stress tolerance in crops (Cai et al., 2022;Cornelis & Hazak 2022;Kohli et al., 2022), whilst major steps are being made to dissect molecular-scale adaptive mechanisms, such as ways roots detoxify metals and metalloids (Kirk et al., 2022;Podar & Maathuis, 2022). Knowledge of these root phenotypes and their underlying regulatory genes is vital for developing future crop varieties better adapted to the challenges presented by global climate change and the pressing need to support more sustainable agricultural practices. This represents a multi-scale and -disciplinary endeavour, spanning agronomy, molecular biology, phenomics, breeding, soil science, and ecology to study, discover and decipher the key environmental stresses, adaptive root phenotypes, and their underlying mechanisms (Figure 1). In this editorial, we give an overview of the content of the Special Issue of Plant, Cell & Environment on "Root Phenotypes for the Future." Based on the articles collated in this Special Issue we discuss emerging root traits and their regulatory mechanisms. The arising new insights underpin efforts to create crop varieties more resilient against future environmental stresses and better adapted to sustainable soil management practices.

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Section: From Root Parts To Root Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

Root phenotypes for the future

Amtmann

Bennett

Henry

2022

Plant Cell & Environment

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“…Although both salt and drought stress result in a water deficit stress around the roots, changes to RSA are quite distinct between the two stresses (Viana et al, 2022). The root response may be dependent on how the stress is imposed, for example, water stress induced by withholding water from pots filled with clay-based soil will result in soil compaction, whereas use of a substrate like vermiculite (Yamaguchi and Sharp, 2010) or perlite avoids this.…”

Section: Field Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crop root system plasticity for improved yields in saline soils

Shelden

Munns

2023

Front. Plant Sci.

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Crop yields must increase to meet the demands of a growing world population. Soil salinization is increasing due to the impacts of climate change, reducing the area of arable land for crop production. Plant root systems are plastic, and their architecture can be modulated to (1) acquire nutrients and water for growth, and (2) respond to hostile soil environments. Saline soils inhibit primary root growth and alter root system architecture (RSA) of crop plants. In this review, we explore how crop root systems respond and adapt to salinity, focusing predominately on the staple cereal crops wheat, maize, rice, and barley, that all play a major role in global food security. Cereal crops are classified as glycophytes (salt-sensitive) however salt-tolerance can differ both between species and within a species. In the past, due to the inherent difficulties associated with visualising and measuring root traits, crop breeding strategies have tended to focus on optimising shoot traits. High-resolution phenotyping techniques now make it possible to visualise and measure root traits in soil systems. A steep, deep and cheap root ideotype has been proposed for water and nitrogen capture. Changes in RSA can be an adaptive strategy to avoid saline soils whilst optimising nutrient and water acquisition. In this review we propose a new model for designing crops with a salt-tolerant root ideotype. The proposed root ideotype would exhibit root plasticity to adapt to saline soils, root anatomical changes to conserve energy and restrict sodium (Na+) uptake, and transport mechanisms to reduce the amount of Na+ transported to leaves. In the future, combining high-resolution root phenotyping with advances in crop genetics will allow us to uncover root traits in complex crop species such as wheat, that can be incorporated into crop breeding programs for yield stability in saline soils.

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“…For many of the more common agricultural and horticultural crops, basic root architecture (e.g. (Guo et al, 2020;Maqbool et al, 2022;Viana et al, 2022)), chemicals exuded into the soil (exudates) surrounding plant roots (rhizosphere) (e.g. (Weston and Mathesius, 2013;Schmelz et al, 2014;Tsunoda and van Dam, 2017)) are known, and biologists can manipulate many of the underlying genetics for these traits (e.g., (Atkinson et al, 2014;Soyano et al, 2019;Guo et al, 2020;Huang et al, 2021).…”

Section: Plantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Translating controlled release systems from biomedicine to agriculture

Lee

Lin²,

Khan³

et al. 2022

Front. Biomater. Sci.

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Sustainable food production is a grand challenge facing the global economy. Traditional agricultural practice requires numerous interventions, such as application of nutrients and pesticides, of which only a fraction are utilized by the target crop plants. Controlled release systems (CRSs) designed for agriculture could improve targeting of agrochemicals, reducing costs and improving environmental sustainability. CRSs have been extensively used in biomedical applications to generate spatiotemporal release patterns of targeted compounds. Such systems protect encapsulant molecules from the external environment and off-target uptake, increasing their biodistribution and pharmacokinetic profiles. Advanced ‘smart’ release designs enable on-demand release in response to environmental cues, and theranostic systems combine sensing and release for real-time monitoring of therapeutic interventions. This review examines the history of biomedical CRSs, highlighting opportunities to translate biomedical designs to agricultural applications. Common encapsulants and targets of agricultural CRSs are discussed, as well as additional demands of these systems, such as need for high volume, low cost, environmentally friendly materials and manufacturing processes. Existing agricultural CRSs are reviewed, and opportunities in emerging systems, such as nanoparticle, ‘smart’ release, and theranostic formulations are highlighted. This review is designed to provide a guide to researchers in the biomedical controlled release field for translating their knowledge to agricultural applications, and to provide a brief introduction of biomedical CRSs to experts in soil ecology, microbiology, horticulture, and crop sciences.

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Deconstructing the root system of grasses through an exploration of development, anatomy and function

Cited by 31 publications

References 159 publications

Root phenotypes for the future

Root phenotypes for the future

Crop root system plasticity for improved yields in saline soils

Translating controlled release systems from biomedicine to agriculture

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