Decontaminated fishmeal and fish oil from the Baltic Sea are promising feed sources for Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.)—studies of flesh lipid quality and metabolic profile

Abstract

The Baltic Sea is one of the world's most pollution-threatened brackish environments and limited direct consumption of fatty fish from the Baltic Sea is recommended. The use of decontaminated Baltic Sea fish raw materials as fish feed could be a strategy to recycle Baltic Sea nutrients back into food chain, while relieving pressure on aqua-feed in the growing aquaculture industry. In this study, defatted fishmeal and semi-purified fish oil from the Baltic Sea were used in fish feeds for Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.). The effects of the Baltic Sea-sourced fish feeds on flesh lipid quality and fish metabolomics, compared with a standard commercial feed as a control, were determined. 1 H NMR-based metabolomics studies indicated disturbances in energy metabolism and hepatic toxicity in fish fed both crude fishmeal and crude fish oil, associated with up-regulation (IGF-I, GHR-I, PPARa, PPARb1A) and down-regulation (SREBP-1 and FAS) of hepatic genes expression. The content of n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids was not affected by the decontamination process. Thus, this short-term study demonstrates that decontaminating Baltic Sea-sourced fishmeal and fish oil reduces adverse effects in Arctic char.Practical applications: Decontaminated fish materials from the Baltic Sea were shown to be promising feed ingredients for Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) compared with untreated Baltic Sea-sourced fish feed, which induced changes in fish physiology associated with energy metabolism and hepatotoxicity. Baltic Sea-sourced fish materials containing high levels of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are valuable feed ingredients.

Metabolomics and fish nutrition: a review in the context of sustainable feed development

“…It suggested an interaction with energy supply for metabolic pathways involved in decontamination (Cheng et al . ). Finally, 1 H‐NMR analysis of taurine supplementation in Nile tilapia ( Oreochromis nilotictus ) showed modulation in carbohydrate, amino acids, lipids and nucleotide metabolic pathways (Shen et al .…”

“…This mechanism was suggested by Cheng et al . () in fish fed contaminated FM and FO to produce energy for liver detoxification. Furthermore, the lower glucose content in red drum liver was associated with higher glycogen content.…”

Showcasing metabolomic applications in aquaculture: a review

“…); effects of feeding charr with contaminated and decontaminated fishmeal to sustainably expand resource use (Cheng et al . ); effects of using reduced fishmeal‐based feed alternatives in cobia and charr (Schock et al . ; Abro et al .…”

“…Lardon et al 2013), dietary manipulations (e.g. Cheng et al 2015), culture conditions (e.g. Young et al 2015a), and pathogen or toxin exposures (e.g.…”

Metabolomic strategies for aquaculture research: a primer

“…Within the last decade, the field of metabolomics (the study of metabolites within cells, tissues or biofluids) has expanded, with a number of applications across the life sciences. In aquaculture alone, metabolite patterns have been successfully used to identify and resolve issues related to hatchery production (Young et al 2015a,b), nutrition and diet (Castro et al 2015;Cheng et al 2015), disease and immunology Peng et al 2015), and postharvest quality control (Melis et al 2014;Chen et al 2015), among others (reviewed by A.C. Alfaro, T. Young, submitted, 2016). There are some reasons why this approach has been so successful in such a relatively short amount of time.…”