Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents

Altmann, Hans‐Jürgen; Richardt, André

doi:10.1002/9783527621620.ch7

Cited by 7 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Some of the CWAs most cited in literature are VX, GD or soman, HD or mustard ( Figure 1 ). They can be classified as nerve, vesicants, blood and chocking agents ( Figure 2 ) [ 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Personal Protective Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nerve agents (or neurotoxic agents): target the central nervous system, reacting with AchE enzyme, resulting in convulsions, respiratory collapse and even death [ 19 ]. Between these agents, the ones stand out are tabun, sarin, soman and VX [ 9 ].…”

Section: Personal Protective Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Vesicants agents: lead to blister formation, attacking skin and mucous membranes (mainly the lungs) [ 19 ]. The most impactful and well-known vesicant agents are the mustard gases (ClCH 2 CH 2 XCH 2 CH 2 Cl, X=O, S, NR).…”

Section: Personal Protective Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Blood agents: are mainly cyanides and cause symptoms like choking of breath, vomiting blood, between others [ 19 ]. These compounds release cyanine ions in the organism and disturb the typical functions of the body, preventing the normal consumption of oxygen by the body tissues.…”

Section: Personal Protective Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Choking agents (or pulmonary agents): lead to choking of breath since they attack the respiratory tract. In this group, the most important compounds are phosgene (COCl 2 ) and diphosgene (Cl 3 COCOCl) [ 19 , 21 ].…”

Section: Personal Protective Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Protective Multifunctional Fibrous Systems Based on Natural Fibers and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

2021

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In recent years, an unprecedented increase in the development of products and technologies to protect the human being has been observed. Now, more than ever, the world population is exposed to several threats, harmful to their well-being and health. Chemical and biological hazardous agents stand out as one of the biggest threats, not only for the military forces, but also for the civilians. Consequently, it’s essential to develop personal protective systems that are able to protect their user, not only passively, but actively, being able to detect, adsorb, degrade and decontaminate pesticides, pollutants, microorganisms and most importantly: chemical/biological warfare agents. One recent strategy for the development of active fibrous structures with improved functions and new properties is their functionalization with nanoparticles (NPs), especially metal oxides. Although their known effectiveness in the decomposition of harmful agents, the NPs could also include other functionalities in the same structure using low quantities of material, without adding extra weight, which is of huge importance for a soldier in the battlefield. The use of natural fibers as the substrate is also very interesting, since this material is a much sustainable alternative when compared to synthetic ones, also providing excellent properties.

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“…Some of the CWAs most cited in literature are VX, GD or soman, HD or mustard ( Figure 1 ). They can be classified as nerve, vesicants, blood and chocking agents ( Figure 2 ) [ 19 , 20 ].…”

Section: Personal Protective Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Personal Protective Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Personal Protective Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Personal Protective Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Personal Protective Equipmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Protective Multifunctional Fibrous Systems Based on Natural Fibers and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

2021

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Unexpected Reaction Pathways Leading to Thiodiglycol During the Degradation of Long-Chain Sulfur Mustards

Caballero¹,

Martínez‐Álvarez

Sierra

2018

J. Org. Chem.

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Degradation of long-chain sulfur mustards with various commercial decontaminants unexpectedly forms thiodiglycol (TDG) through unreported reaction pathways. Chemical warfare agents (CWAs) degradation products have to be unambiguously related to their reference compounds in order to fulfill international verification protocols. Thus, the formation of TDG using water-based decontaminants introduces an uncertainty in the origin of this chemical that has been systematically used to unambiguously demonstrate the presence of yperite in environmental and biomedical samples. Therefore, these novel and unprecedented degradation pathways will result either in modifications of the international verification protocols for forensic purposes or in the exclusion of TDG as an exclusive marker of yperite.

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Titania Nanomaterials for Sarin Decomposition: Understanding Fundamentals

Tsyshevsky

McEntee

et al. 2022

ACS Appl. Nano Mater.

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While TiO2-based materials have been attracting growing interest in combating chemical warfare agents (CWAs), their usefulness and details of chemical mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we explored the potential of TiO2 nanomaterials as filter materials to degrade sarin (GB), one of the deadliest nerve agents. We performed joint experimental and theoretical studies of the breakdown of sarin gas on three different TiO2 nanomaterials: P25 TiO2, pure anatase TiO2 nanopowder, and mesoporous anatase TiO2. Infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurements of TiO2 nanomaterials upon GB dosing demonstrate that GB readily decomposes on TiO2. The photoelectron spectra indicate the formation of metal fluoride on the surface, implying a mechanism for GB dissociation that involves P–F bond cleavage. Our results reveal that the as-synthesized mesoporous anatase TiO2 exhibits the highest activity toward GB decomposition despite it having the same crystalline structure and a similar surface area as the anatase TiO2 nanopowder. With density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we explore possible causes for the high reactivity of mesoporous TiO2. We modeled sarin decomposition mechanisms on anatase (101) surfaces and considered the effect of frequent defects in materials, such as oxygen vacancies, steps, water, and hydroxyl groups. Calculations show that GB decomposition through P–F bond breaking on the (101) anatase surface can be promoted by a stepped structure and hydroxylation due to both a lower activation energy barrier and lower energy of the final products. Our experiments corroborate that water/hydroxylation facilitates the dissociation of sarin on mesoporous TiO2. Our study suggests that mesoporous TiO2 is an attractive candidate material for use in gas masks and other protective equipment.

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Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents

Cited by 7 publications

References 16 publications

Protective Multifunctional Fibrous Systems Based on Natural Fibers and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Protective Multifunctional Fibrous Systems Based on Natural Fibers and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Unexpected Reaction Pathways Leading to Thiodiglycol During the Degradation of Long-Chain Sulfur Mustards

Titania Nanomaterials for Sarin Decomposition: Understanding Fundamentals

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