Decrease of Endurance Performance During Olympic Triathlon

Vito, Giuseppe De; Bernardi, M.; Sproviero, E.; Figura, Francesco

doi:10.1055/s-2007-972958

Cited by 51 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This occurred despite the fact that subjects were asked to mimic the intensity of their Ironman cycling. While it could be argued that differences between these two trials may be explained by the fact that a 3.8 km swim did not precede Bi SSI in the present study (De Vito et al 1995), we have previously shown that 3,000 m of swimming had no significant effect on performance and physiological measurements during 3 h of subsequent cycling (Laursen et al 2000). Better explanations for this observation of an increased HR during IMC compared to Bi SSI include the psychological effects of a race environment (Lambert et al 1998;Selley et al 1995), and the increased thermoregulatory demands caused by a warmer climate (i.e.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

“…The so-called anaerobic threshold (Th an ) has long been considered to be the critical performance intensity that an endurance athlete can maintain throughout an endurance event (Rhodes and McKenzie 1984;Wasserman 1984). At the Olympic triathlon distance (1.5 km swimming, 40 km cycling, 10 km running), strong relationships with the ventilatory threshold (Th vent ) have been shown during both the cycling and running stages (De Vito et al 1995;Schabort et al 2000;Sleivert and Wenger 1993;Zhou et al 1997). However, studies examining performance intensity during the Ironman triathlon (3.8 km swimming, 180 km cycling, 42.2 km running) have provided equivocal results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relationship of exercise test variables to cycling performance in an Ironman triathlon

Laursen

Rhodes

Langill

et al. 2002

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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The purpose of this study was, firstly, to investigate the intensity of exercise performance of highly trained ultra-endurance triathletes during the cycling portion of an Ironman triathlon, and, secondly, to examine the anaerobic threshold and its relationship to this performance. Following a peak oxygen consumption (VO(2peak)) test on a cycle ergometer to determine the heart rate (HR(Th,vent)) and power output (PO(Th,vent)) at the ventilatory threshold (Th(vent)), 11 highly trained male triathletes [mean (SEM) age 35.8 (1.6) years, body fat 11.7 (1.2)%. VO(2peak) 67.5 (1.0) ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)] who were participating in an Ironman triathlon, in random order: (1) cycled at their PO(Th,vent) (Bi(Th,vent)) until they were exhausted, and (2) cycled for 5 h at a self-selected intensity (Bi(SSI)). Cycling power output (PO), oxygen uptake (VO(2)), heart rate (HR) and blood lactate concentration ([La(-)](b)) were recorded at regular intervals during these trials, while performance HR was recorded during the cycling phase of the Ironman triathlon. Significantly greater (P < 0.05) values were attained during Bi(Th,vent) than during Bi(SSI) for PO [274 (9) compared to 188 (9) W], VO(2) [3.61 (0.15) compared to 2.64 (0.09) l x min(-1)], and [La(-)](b) [6.7 (0.8) compared to 2.8 (0.4) mmol x l(-1)]. Moreover, mean HR during the Ironman triathlon cycle phase [146.3 (2.4) beats.min(-1); n=7] was significantly greater than mean HR during Bi(SSI) [130 (4) beats x min(-1)], and significantly less than mean HR during Bi(Th,vent) [159 (3) beats x min(-1); all P < 0.05]. However, HR during the cycle portion of the Ironman triathlon was highly related to (r = 0.873; P < 0.05) and not significantly different to HR(Th,vent) [150 (4) beats x min(-1)]. These data suggest that ultra-endurance triathletes cycle during the Ironman triathlon at a HR intensity that approximates to HR(Th,vent), but at a PO that is significantly below PO(Th,vent).

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 67%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationship of exercise test variables to cycling performance in an Ironman triathlon

Laursen

Rhodes

Langill

et al. 2002

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…These results do reflect similar studies where prior cycling is reported to influence V O 2 during subsequent running (Hausswirth et al, 1997;Hue et al, 1998;. More specifically, reductions to ventilatory thresholds have been reported to impair subsequent running performance in well-270 trained triathletes following prior swimming and cycling exercise (De Vito, Bernardi, Sproviero, & Figura, 1995). Furthermore, the k would suggest that the increase in O 2 was also faster during the C-R condition, indicating that steady-state could have been reached earlier following prior moderate intensity cycling exercise.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Neuromuscular and physiological variables evolve independently when running immediately after cycling

Stapley

Stamenkovic

Lepers

et al. 2015

Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology

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During the early period of running after cycling, EMG patterns of the leg are modified in only some highly trained triathletes. The majority of studies have analysed muscle EMG patterns at arbitrary, predetermined time points. The purpose of this study was to examine changes to EMG patterns of the lower limb at physiologically determined times during the cycle-run transition period to better investigate neuromuscular adaptations. Six highly trained triathletes completed a 10 min isolated run (IR), 30 min of rest, then a 20 min cycling procedure, before a 10 min transition run (C-R). Surface EMG activity of eight lower limb muscles was recorded, normalised and quantified at four time points. Oxygen uptake and heart rate values were also collected. Across all muscles, mean (±SD) EMG patterns, demonstrated significant levels of reproducibility for each participant at all four time points (α < 0.05; r = 0.52-0.97). Mean EMG patterns during C-R correlated highly with the IR patterns (α < 0.05). These results show that EMG patterns during subsequent running are not significantly affected by prior cycling. However, variability of muscle recruitment activity does appear to increase during C-R transition when compared to IR. Disciplines Medicine and Health Sciences | Social and Behavioral Sciences AbstractDuring the early period of running after cycling, EMG patterns of the leg are modified in only some highly trained triathletes. The majority of studies have analysed muscle EMG patterns at arbitrary, predetermined time points. The purpose of this study was to examine changes to EMG patterns of the lower limb at physiologically determined times during the cycle-run transition period to better investigate neuromuscular adaptations. Six highly trained triathletes completed a 10 min isolated run (IR), 30 min of rest, then a 20 min cycling procedure, before a 10 min transition run (C-R). Surface EMG activity of eight lower limb muscles was recorded, normalised and quantified at four time points. Oxygen uptake and heart rate values were also collected. Across all muscles, mean (±SD) EMG patterns, demonstrated significant levels of reproducibility for each participant at all four time points (α < 0.05; r = 0.52 -0.97). Mean EMG patterns during C-R correlated highly with the IR patterns (α < 0.05). These results show that EMG patterns during subsequent running are not significantly affected by prior cycling. However, variability of muscle recruitment activity does appear to increase during C-R transition when compared to IR.

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“…Para cada uma das distâncias, sendo "curtas" ou "longas", como classificado por Bentley et al 3 , parecem existir diferentes contribuições dos fatores que determinam o desempenho do triatleta, sendo eles fisiológicos, de treinamento ou competição 4 . Dos fatores fisiológicos, destacam-se elevado valor de consumo máxi-mo de oxigênio 5,6 e de limiar anaeróbio 7 , merecendo destaque, também, a eficiência metabólica, denominada economia de movimento 2,8 . Para os fatores ligados ao treinamento, apresentam-se como importantes o volume de treinamento 1 , a intensidade 4 e os equipamentos utilizados 9 .…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

“…Estudos nessa linha podem contribuir para redução do tempo final dos atletas nas competições [10][11][12] . De Vito et al 8 , por exemplo, encontraram correlações de diferentes magnitudes entre a natação, o ciclismo e a corrida com o tempo total na prova de distância olímpica (r = 0,60; r = 0,94 e r = 0,82 respectivamente). Os maiores valores foram encontrados para o ciclismo e corrida, atribuídos pelos autores pela elevada contribuição percentual das duas modalidades no tempo total (50% e 30% respectivamente), comparados à natação (apenas 20%).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

A influência da natação no desempenho do triathlon: implicações para o treinamento e competição. DOI: 10.5007/1980-0037.2012v14n2p232

Pacheco¹,

Leite²,

Lucas³

et al. 2012

Rev. Bras. Cineantropom. Desempenho Hum.

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Resumo -O triathlon é um esporte que envolve três modalidades diferentes: a natação, o ciclismo e a corrida -cada uma delas contribui diferentemente para o desempenho do triatleta. Neste sentido, este trabalho buscou organizar os fatores que determinam o desempenho na natação e como isto pode ser aplicado no treinamento e competição dos triatletas. Para tanto, foi realizada busca de artigos relacionados à natação no triathlon, utilizando os seguintes termos: triathlon, triatleta, performance na natação e suas traduções para o inglês quando necessário. A partir disso, destaca-se a natação como a modalidade mais intensa durante um triathlon. Nas provas curtas do triathlon, a intensidade desta etapa parece ser superior ao limiar anaeróbio. O tempo final desta primeira etapa do triathlon parece correlacionar-se positivamente com o tempo final das provas curtas, o que não ocorre nas provas mais longas. Nas provas com distância short e olímpica, a estratégia adotada na etapa da natação parece influenciar diretamente no resultado final da prova. Assim, o planejamento das cargas de treinamento entre as três modalidades do triathlon deve levar em consideração a distância e o formato das provas disputadas para obtenção do sucesso. Palavras-chave: Desempenho esportivo; Educação física e treinamento; Natação. Abstract -Triathlon is a sport that involves three different exercise modes, swimming, cycling and running, each of which contributes differently to the triathlete's performance. The objective of the present study was to analyze the factors that determine performance in swimmingand how this can be used in triathletes' training and competitions. We searched articles on triathlon swimming using the following keywords in Portuguese: "triathlon, " "triatleta, " "performance na natação, " and their translations into English when necessary. Swimming is considered the most intense phase during a triathlon event. In short triathlon races, the intensity of this phase seems to be higher than the anaerobic threshold. The split time of this first phase seems to correlate positively with final time of the short races, which is not true for longer races. During the short and Olympic triathlon, the pacing strategy adopted at the swimming phase seems to directly influence the final outcome of the race. Thus, the planning of training loads within the three exercise modes of triathlon must take into consideration the distance and format of the races to achieve success.

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Decrease of Endurance Performance During Olympic Triathlon

Cited by 51 publications

References 10 publications

Relationship of exercise test variables to cycling performance in an Ironman triathlon

Relationship of exercise test variables to cycling performance in an Ironman triathlon

Neuromuscular and physiological variables evolve independently when running immediately after cycling

A influência da natação no desempenho do triathlon: implicações para o treinamento e competição. DOI: 10.5007/1980-0037.2012v14n2p232

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