Decreased antibody formation in iron-deficient rat pups—effect of iron repletion

Kochanowski, Barbara A.; Sherman, Adria Rothman

doi:10.1093/ajcn/41.2.278

Cited by 51 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Studies in animals, however, indicate that iron deficiency in rats and mice leads to a decrease in serum immunoglobulin concentrations. impaired immunoglobulin synthesis and subnormal immunoglobulin responses to vaccine antigens (29)(30)(31). These findings are difficult to reconcile with the results of human studies, but might in part be due to the severity of the iron deficiency which overall was more extreme in animal studies.…”

Section: Antibodymentioning

confidence: 95%

Iron and Immunity

Farthing

1989

Acta Paediatrica

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Farthing, M. J. G. (Department of Gastroenterology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, ECIA 7BE, UK). Iron and immunity. Review of animal and human studies concerning the impact of iron deficiency on immune function in vivo indicates that in many instances there is no firm consensus of opinion as to the relationship between iron status and immunity. One major problem with almost all human studies is that other micro‐ and macronutrient deficiencies are inadequately controlled for and thus it is often unclear as to whether reported abnormalities of immune function can be attributed specifically to iron deficiency. Even when abnormalities of immune function have been detected it is often uncertain as to the biological and clinical relevance that these may have for the host. Within these restraints the available studies suggest that iron deficiency may at least contribute to impaired T lymphocyte function as judged by DTH responses in skin and impaired mitogen‐induced proliferation. As in protein energy malnutrition, humoral immunity is largely spared in humans, the balance of evidence suggesting that immunoglobulin production and function is normal, as are serum concentrations of complement. The only other abnormality of non‐specific immunity which has been reported consistently to be abnormal is that of reduced bactericidal activity of polymorphonuclear leucocytes. The clinical relevance of these abnormalities remains to be established. There is, however, no evidence to suggest that individuals with iron deficiency suffer the devastating infective complications of the well defined immunodeficiency syndromes either congenital or acquired. It seems likely therefore that despite the fundamental importance of iron in maintaining the integrity of immune function, humans can tolerate the extremes of deficiency and excess and survive in a relatively healthy state.

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Section: Antibodymentioning

confidence: 95%

Iron and Immunity

Farthing

1989

Acta Paediatrica

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“…However, the irreversible immunosuppressive effects demonstrated among the offspring of iron-de cient mothers in experimental situations raise concerns regarding child health in countries having a high prevalence of iron de ciency in pregnant women. 41 Iron de ciency has also been demonstrated to reduce the bactericidal effects of neutrophils and may partly contribute to their reduced content of myeloperoxidase enzyme, which is an essential component of the bactericidal system in neutrophils. 42 Cytotoxicity and IL-1 production by macrophages, and antibody response to certain antigens like diphtheria and tetanus, however, do not appear to be signi cantly altered.…”

Section: Effects Of Iron De Ciency On Immune Functionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micronutrient Malnutrition, Infection, and Immunity: an Overview

2002

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Micronutrient deficiencies and infectious diseases often coexist and exhibit complex interactions leading to the vicious cycle of malnutrition and infections among underprivileged populations of the developing countries, particularly in preschool children. Several micronutrients such as vitamin A, beta-carotene, folic acid, vitamin B12 vitamin C, riboflavin, iron, zinc, and selenium, have immunomodulating functions and thus influence the susceptibility of a host to infectious diseases and the course and outcome of such diseases. Certain of these micronutrients also possess antioxidant functions that not only regulate immune homeostasis of the host, but also alter the genome of the microbes, particularly in viruses, resulting in grave consequences like resurgence of old infectious diseases or the emergence of new infections. These micronutrient infection and immune function interactions and their clinical and public health relevance in developing countries are briefly reviewed in this article.

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“…IRON DEFICIENCY AND IMMUNITY even 3 wk of iron repletion at weaning did not fully restore their capacity to mount normal antibody responses (42). The iron dependency of the anemia that emerged in our monkey infants should be highlighted.…”

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confidence: 91%

Maternal Stress During Pregnancy Predisposes for Iron Deficiency in Infant Monkeys Impacting Innate Immunity

2007

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ABSTRACT:The influence of maternal stress during pregnancy on the postpartum iron status and immune maturation of infants was investigated in a nonhuman primate model. Forty infant rhesus monkeys were generated from two types of disturbed pregnancies, early or late gestation stress, and compared with 24 undisturbed controls. Prenatal stress increased the prevalence and magnitude of iron deficiency (ID) as the infants' growth-related demands for iron exceeded dietary intake from breast milk. At 4 -6 mo of age, the emergence of ID significantly accentuated an effect of prenatal stress on natural killer cell activity, an important component of innate immunity. These findings indicate that maternal stress, especially early in pregnancy, should be added to the list of risk factors that warrant closer scrutiny of hematological profiles in fast-growing babies. (Pediatr Res 61: 520-524, 2007) I D is a major nutritional problem affecting 1-2 billion people worldwide (1). The anemia caused by ID is very common in women due to the hematological demands of menstruation and pregnancy and is particularly prevalent in young infants, who also have high iron needs (2,3). To meet the iron requirements of a rapidly growing baby, many mammalian species, including humans, have evolved a two-stage transmission process, providing significant amounts of iron before birth via placental transfer, and the remainder postpartum through breast milk. As a consequence, if iron stores in the form of Hb and ferritin are low at birth, dietary iron intake from milk will often prove to be inadequate by 2-4 mo of age (4). These babies are then at greater risk for developing the "early anemia of childhood," which typically becomes evident at 4 -8 mo of age (5).Although the use of fortified formulas has reduced the prevalence of ID, it continues to impact 3-4% of 1 y olds in the United States and up to 8 -17% of infants in high-risk populations (6 -8). ID is also more likely to occur in babies provided only breast milk past the first year of age or in families that rely on bottle-feeding with cow's milk for economic or cultural reasons (9).Considerable evidence points to prenatal factors as predisposing and significant contributors to the development of ID (10). Because the bulk of maternal iron is transferred in the last month of pregnancy, babies born premature have low stores, and their iron needs are more likely to exceed the capacity of dietary intake (11). Similarly, small-forgestational age neonates and growth-restricted twins and triplets, who then undergo a compensatory growth spurt, are at higher risk (12,13). Recently, it was discovered that babies gestated by women who had developed pregnancy-induced diabetes or hypertension are also predisposed to ID (14,15). Rodent models suggest further that high alcohol consumption during pregnancy can compromise iron regulation in the offspring (16). Information about the importance of these prenatal factors has not been widely disseminated to pediatricians, and thus some high-risk babies may be ID fo...

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Decreased antibody formation in iron-deficient rat pups—effect of iron repletion

Cited by 51 publications

References 16 publications

Iron and Immunity

Iron and Immunity

Micronutrient Malnutrition, Infection, and Immunity: an Overview

Maternal Stress During Pregnancy Predisposes for Iron Deficiency in Infant Monkeys Impacting Innate Immunity

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