Decreased choline acetyltransferase immunoreactivity in discrete striatal subregions following chronic haloperidol in rats

Decreased number of parvalbumin and cholinergic interneurons in the striatum of individuals with Tourette syndrome

“…While some studies have reported that short-term neuroleptic treatment in rodents (40-90 days) leads to decreases in ChAT activity and ChAT-immunostained neurons in several brain regions (Mahadik et al, 1988; Terry et al, 2003), long-term treatment (6-12 months) produces more variable results, including increases, decreases, or no significant effect on ChAT activity, ChAT-immunoreactive neurons, acetylcholine levels and other indices of cholinergic function (Grimm et al, 2001; Lohr et al, 2000; Mithani et al, 1987; Murugaiah et al, 1982; Rupniak et al, 1986; Terry et al, 2007). These discrepancies may be explained by region-specific effects (the decrease in ChAT+ cells being more prominent in ventral striatum and NA) (Grimm et al, 2001), length of administration and types of drugs used (typical neuroleptics being more likely to cause changes in cholinergic function than the atypical risperidone and clozapine) (Friedman et al, 1983; Terry et al, 2003). Recent studies have reported that the density of cholinergic neurons in the limbic striatum is decreased in patients with schizophrenia (Holt et al, 1999) and that the lowest density of ChAT+ neurons was found in two schizophrenic individuals that had not been treated with neuroleptics.…”

Tardive Dyskinesia in the Era of Typical and Atypical Antipsychotics. Part 1: Pathophysiology and Mechanisms of Induction

“…Recently, Grimm and others showed that prolonged haloperidol treatment in rats led to cholinergic cell loss in the specific areas of the striatum related to oral movements (51). This result may provide an animal model to explain why TD in humans is most commonly a motor disorder of orofacial musculature.…”

Decreased Number of Parvalbumin and Cholinergic Interneurons in the Striatum of Individuals with Tourette Syndrome

“…While some studies have reported that shortterm neuroleptic treatment in rodents (40-90 days) leads to decreases in ChAT activity and ChAT-immunostained neurons in several brain regions (Mahadik et al, 1988;Terry et al, 2003), long-term treatment (6-12 months) produces more variable results, including increases, decreases, or no significant effect on ChAT activity, ChAT-immunoreactive neurons, acetylcholine levels and other indices of cholinergic function (Grimm et al, 2001;Lohr et al, 2000;Mithani et al, 1987;Murugaiah et al, 1982;Rupniak et al, 1986;Terry et al, 2007). These discrepancies may be explained by region-specific effects (the decrease in ChAT+ cells being more prominent in ventral striatum and NA) (Grimm et al, 2001), length of administration and types of drugs used (typical neuroleptics being more likely to cause changes in cholinergic function than the atypical risperidone and clozapine) (Friedman et al, 1983;Terry et al, 2003). Recent studies have reported that the density of cholinergic neurons in the limbic striatum is decreased in patients with schizophrenia (Holt et al, 1999) and that the lowest density of ChAT+ neurons was found in two schizophrenic individuals that had not been treated with neuroleptics.…”