Decreased <em>Porphyromonas gingivalis</em> adhesion and improved biocompatibility on tetracycline-loaded TiO₂&nbsp;nanotubes: an in vitro study

Abstract

BackgroundTitanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotubes are often used as carriers for loading materials such as drugs, proteins, and growth factors.Materials and methodsIn this study, we loaded tetracycline onto TiO2 nanotubes to demonstrate its antibacterial properties and biocompatibility. The two-layered anodic TiO2 nanotubes with a honeycomb-like porous structure were fabricated by using a two-step anodization, and they were loaded with tetracycline by using a simplified lyophilization method and vacuum drying. Their physical properties, such as chemical compositions, wettability, and surface morphologies of the different samples, were observed and measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle measurement, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The in vitro growth behaviors of mouse bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) on these substrates were investigated.ResultsThe TiO2 nanotube (NT) substrates and the tetracycline-loaded TiO2 nanotube (NT-T) substrates revealed a crucial potential for promoting the adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of BMSCs. Similarly, the NT-T substrates displayed a sudden release of tetracycline in the first 15 minutes of their administration, and the release tended to be stable 90 minutes later. The antibacterial performances of the prepared substrates were assessed with Porphyromonas gingivalis. The result showed that NT and NT-T substrates had antibacterial capacities.ConclusionOverall, this research provides a promising method with potential for clinical translation by allowing local slow release of antimicrobial compounds by loading them onto constructed nanotubes.

Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles: Prospects and Applications in Medicine

“…Pure TiO 2 and loaded nanotubes showed great adhesion potential and antibacterial properties. Also, tetracycline was released quickly within 15 min of the experiment and the material was stabilized in 90 min [100]. TiO 2 nanoparticles have not only antibacterial but also antifungal properties.…”

“…It should be analyzed whether it is suitable for safe debonding of orthodontic brackets. In another study, Sun et al prepared TiO 2 nanotubes and loaded them with tetracycline [100]. They carried out several tests against Porphyromonas gingivalis.…”

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“…The nanostructures provide TNTs with long-term contact antibacterial ability. Studies have shown that the amount of adhered bacteria on TNTs was lower than that measured in the titanium control group in vitro and in vivo 38,39. Therefore, TNTs possess potential for long-term antibacterial application.…”

“…The burst release is due to the initial diffusion of drug molecules under a concentration gradient from high to low, TNTs to the surrounding environment. In addition, the weak binding between drug molecules and the TNT walls also contributes to this process 39,61,62. Burst release can kill most bacteria in a short time; however, it may also lead to concentration-induced toxicity and may exhaust loaded drug to damage the long-term antibacterial ability.…”

Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles &ndash; Prospects and Applications in Medicine

“…Pure TiO2 and loaded nanotubes showed great adhesion potential and antibacterial properties. Also, tetracycline was released quickly within 15 minutes of the experiment and the material was stabilized in 90 minutes [104]. TiO2 nanoparticles have not only antibacterial but also antifungal properties.…”